Realistic head model: FEM with DUNEuro

[TUTORIAL UNDER DEVELOPMENT: NOT READY FOR PUBLIC USE]

Authors: Takfarinas, Juan, François ...Sophie, Johannes, Maria, Christian, Carsten, John, Richard ?

This tutorial explains how to use brainstorm-dueneuro to compute the head model using the finite element method (FEM).

This forward model uses the FEM method implemented within the Duneuro software. More documentation could be found on this gitlab page.

The FEM methods use the realistic volume mesh of the head model generated from the segmentation of the magnetic resonance images (MRI). The FEM forward solution provides more accurate results than the spherical models and more realistic geometry and tissue propriety than the BEM.

In this tutorial, we will describe the software required to use the DUNEuro computation from brainstorm and examples on the FEM computation through the graphical interface.

DUNEuro

DUNEuro is an open-source C++ software library for solving partial differential equations (PDE) in neurosciences using mesh bases methods. It is based on the DUNE library and its main features that include solving the electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) forward problem and providing simulations for brain stimulation.

Citing DUNEuro

Please cite the following papers if you use this software tool or its derivatives in your own work.

Andreas Nüßing, Maria Carla Piastra, Sophie Schrader, Tuuli Miinalainen, Sampsa Pursiainen, Heinrich Brinck, Carsten H. Wolters, Christian Engwer

"duneuro - A software toolbox for forward modeling in neuroscience" under review

"The Brainstrom-Duneuro: friendly interface for the EEG/MEG with the Finite Element Method"

underwriting

Software requirements

FEM Computation : DUNEuro

In order to use the FEM computation, Brainstorm calls the DUNEuro Th DUNEuro binaries are distributed within the bst-duneuro toolbox. These binaries are adapted and tested for Windows, MAC, and Linux 64bit systems. Therefore you don't need to install any extra software package to run the FEM computation, brainstorm will do it for you.

FEM head model : Mesh generation

In order to use the FEM computation of the electromagnetic field (EEG/MEG), the volume mesh of the head is required. Brainstorm integrates most of the modern open-source tools used to generate realistic head mesh, either from nested surface mesh or from individual MR image (T1 or T1 and T2). The list of the available methods are listed and explained in this tutorial.

New methods are under development and will be released to brainstorm in the next future.

FEM head model : Mesh visualisation

The FEM mesh visualization and mesh processing option are integrated with brainstorm. The use of these options require the installation of the iso2mesh. Brainstrom will download the last release from this webpage and install it when it is needed. However, you can also download the iso2mesh from the github and add it to your Matlab path.

FEM and tissue anisotropy : Brainsuite

Among the advantages of the FEM, the use of the tissue anisotropy (conductivity). The estimation of the tissue anisotropy is performed with the brainsuite diffusion pipeline (BDP link). The diffusion tensor images are estimated with brainsuite and then converted to conductivity tensor using the Tuch . In order to use this option, you need to install brainsuite software, the rest of the process is distributed within bst-duneuro.

• DUNEuro software is built on top of the DUNE Library. The Duneuro source code works only on Linux operating systems. However, we were able to generate the binaries for the main platforms (windows 64, Linux and Mac), thus, it can be easily used from brainstorm and Matlab without the need to install and compile the tedious Dune and Duneuro libraries on your computer.

• The main process of the Duneuro compilation used for brainstorm is explained here

• When you use any options related to the FEM computation, brainstrom will download and install the bst-duneuro toolbox and all the related toolbox on your computer (iso2mesh, brain2mesh ...).

• The SimNibs (for FEM mesh geneation from MR images) and Brainsuite (for anistropy tensor estimation from DWI) should be installed manually on the user's computer.

FEM head model

Volume mesh generation

The basic model is the three realistic layers extracted from the subject's MRI (scalp, inner skull, outer skull), plus the source space (cortical surface). The process of the generation of these surfaces is interactively integrated with brainstorm. In the case you do not have any way to calculate the inner skull and outer skull surfaces, Brainstorm can generate rough approximations based on the subject's cortex and head surfaces and ICBM152's inner and outer skull surfaces. The surfaces created with Brainstorm are by construction non-intersecting.

From these surfaces, you can generate the FEM mesh.

Right-click on the subject and then "Generate FEM Mesh", then select the 'iso2mesh' option.

(The other options are explained on this tutorial)

The most modern software that are used to generate the volume mesh head model are integrated within brainstorm with an easy graphical interface to use call these tools.

Right click on the subject and then "Generate FEM Mesh"

The available options are :

"Iso2mesh" : This option merges the brainstorm surfaces available on the subject and then generarte the tetrahedral mesh.

"Brain2Mesh" : This options uses the MRIs available on the subjects, then it calls the SPM segmentation of the volume into 5 tissus (white, gray, scf, skull and skin). After that it converts into a tetrahedral mesh.

"SimNibs" : The recommended option, it calls the headreco {ref} and generate a FEM head model

"FieldTrip" : (in progress) "Roast" : (in progress)

"headreco" :

https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/build/html/documentation/command_line/headreco.html

This function is part of the SimNibs software:

https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/build/html/index.html

headreco

The headreco function is fully integrated to brainstorm. With this option, brainstorm can reconstructs a tetrahedral head mesh from T1- and T2-weighted structural MR images. It runs also with only a T1w image, but it will achieve more reliable skull segmentations when a T2w image is supplied.

Surface mesh generation from volume mesh

Volume generation from surface files

In this part you can generate your FEM mesh from surfaces that you can get fron the segmentation software (brainSuite, FreeSurfer ....).

This process will

- merge the surfaces,

- check the self intersecting

- fixe the size of the mesh

- generate the volum mesh

- visual checking ...

- TODO : may be we can add some mesh auqlity measures ??

Volume generation from T1/T2 MRI data

You can also generate your own FEM head model and then load it to brainstorm. However the automatic head model generation from from imaging techniques are not accurate and most of the time visual checking are needed and manual correction are required.

==> this depends lagely on the quality of the T1/T2 MRI image(https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/build/html/tutorial/head_meshing.html).

This step is based on the "roast" toolbox (link to roast : https://github.com/andypotatohy/roast

) that we adapted for the MEEG forward computation. If you want to generate your own FEM head model from an MRI, you will need to download these file (link), then run the bst process as explained here.

• f there is a MRI file with the string "T2" in the subject anatomy folder, it will use it
• Otherwise, if you select explicitly two MRI files with CTRL+Click, it will use the first one as the T1 and the second one as the T2 (this needs to be documented in the tutorial)

FEM Head model generation with SimNibs

This method used the SimNibs software. So to call this process, you need to download and install the SimNibs software, the process of the installation is explained in the SimNibs webpage : https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/build/html/installation/simnibs_installer.html.

When you have installed SimNibs, Brainstorm can call the main function used for the mesh generation frm the main graphical interface. Depemding on your computer performances, this process will take between 2 to 5 hours. We highly recommend to close all other running process and application on our computer in order to speed this process.

- Explain here the main steps with screenshots :

1- Create new subject within the current protocole

2- Load the T1 of the subject to the brainstorm database.

3- Associate a T2 mri to the subject if it's available (this is better for csf/skull/scalp segmentation)

4- Right click on the subject, select the "Generate FEM mesh"

• Select "SIMNIBS", and choose "Tetrahedral element" and keep the other options to the default value.

5- When this process is finished, a new node will appear in the data base, which hase he name "FEM xxxV, (simNibs, yLayers)". This is the FEM mesh model generated from the T1.

FEM Head model template

- Load the FEM volumic mesh (template created from ICBM T1 MRI using SimNibs)

- Load the surface mesh (template created also from ICBM using ICBM ) and then generates the volume mesh (either tetra or hexa) by calling the tetgen process cia iso2mesh toolbox (if hexa are desired, the tetra mesh will be converted to hexa ... )

https://github.com/brainstorm-tools/brainstorm3/issues/185#issuecomment-576749612

Head model based on the level set approach

TODO and Validate

if users want to use freesurfer and simnibs, the priority is given to freesurfer, then load the fs files, then call simnibs headmodel generation from t1/t2.

FEM computation and interface to DUNEuro

Head model

Number of layers, conductivity value, isotropy/anisotropy/ mesh resolution/

Electrode model

Check the position of the electrodes and align to the head model (projection if needed)

Source model

Similarly to the spherical nad BEM head model, the source position are defined on the cortex surface vertices. We can either define a contraned or not constrained orientation.

However, for the FEM model, more paramters could be tuned for the source model.

Choice of the source model : PI, Venant, Subtraction, Whitney

Panel of the options choice that the user can select. (other wise we will set to default )

Advanced paramaters

- Solver parameters

- Electrodes projection

- maybe explain here the relevant option of the mini file ??

Additional documentation

refer to :

http://duneuro.org/

https://www.dune-project.org/

https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/build/html/index.html

Reported Errors & alternative solution

simnibs pblm :

https://simnibs.github.io/simnibs/build/html/installation/throubleshooting.html

The MEEG forward problem with the FEM

License

Reference

Additional documentation

https://github.com/brainstorm-tools/bst-duneuro/issues/1

https://github.com/brainstorm-tools/brainstorm3/issues/242

https://github.com/brainstorm-tools/brainstorm3/issues/185