Tutorial 12: Artifact detection

Authors: Francois Tadel, Elizabeth Bock, Sylvain Baillet

The previous tutorials illustrated how to remove noise patterns occurring continuously and at specific frequencies. However, most of the events that contaminate the MEG/EEG recordings are not persistent, span over a large frequency range or overlap with the frequencies of the brain signals of interest. Frequency filters are not appropriate to correct for eye movements, breathing movements, heartbeats or other muscle activity.

For getting rid of reproducible artifacts, one popular approach is the Signal-Space Projection (SSP). This method is based on the spatial decomposition of the MEG/EEG recordings for a selection of time samples during which the artifact is present. Therefore we need to identify when each type of artifacts occurs in the recordings. This tutorial shows how to automatically detect some well defined artifacts: the blinks and the heartbeats.

Observation

Let's start by observing the type of contamination the blinks and heartbeats cause to the MEG recordings.

• Run #01: Double-click on the link to show the MEG sensors.

• Configuration: Page of 3 seconds, view in columns, selection of the "CTF LT" sensors (the left-temporal sensors will be a good example to show at the same time the two types of artifacts).

• EOG: Right-click on the link > EOG > Display time series. Two channels are classified as EOG:

  • VEOG: Vertical electrooculogram (two electrodes placed below and above one eye)

  • HEOG: Horizontal electrooculogram (two electrodes placed on the temples of the subject)

  • On these traces, there is not much happening for most of the recordings except for a few bumps. This subject is sitting very still and not blinking much. We can expect MEG recordings of a very good quality.

• ECG: Right-click on the link > ECG > Display time series.
  The electrocardiogram was recorded with a bipolar montage of electrodes across the chest. You can recognize the typical shape of the electric activity of the heart (P, QRS and T waves).

• Find a blink: Scroll through the recordings using the F3 shortcut until you see a large blink.

  • Remember you can change the amplitude scale with many shortcuts (eg. right-click + move).

  • To keep the scale fixed between two pages: Uncheck the button [AS] (auto-scale).

  • For instance, you can observe a nice blink at 20.8s (red cursor in the screen capture below).
  • On the same page, you should be able to observe the contamination due to a few heartbeats, corresponding to the peaks of the ECG signal (eg. 19.8s, shown as a blue selection below).

• The additional data channels (ECG and EOG) contain precious information that we can use for the automatic detection of the blinks and heartbeats. We strongly recommend that you always record these signals during your own experiments, it helps a lot with the data pre-processing.
  
  

Detection: Heartbeats

In the Record tab, select the menu: "Artifacts > Detect heartbeats".

• It automatically opens the pipeline editor, with the process "Detect heartbeats" selected.

• Channel name: Name of the channel that is used to perform the detection. Select or type "ECG".

• Time window: Time range that the algorithm should scan for amplitude peaks. Leave the default values to process the entire file, or check the option [All file].

• Event name: Name of the event group created for saving the detected events. Enter "cardiac".
  
  

• Click on Run. After the process stops, you can see a new event category "cardiac". The 464 (aprox.) heartbeats for 360s of recordings indicate an average heart rate of 77bpm, everything looks normal.

• You can check a few of them, to make sure the "cardiac" markers really indicate the ECG peaks. Not all peaks need to be detected, but you should have a minimum of 10-20 events marked for removing the artifacts using SSP, described in the following tutorials.
  
  

Detection: Blinks

Now do the same thing for the blinks: Menu "Artifacts > Detect eye blinks".

• Channel name: VEOG

• Time window: All file

• Event name: Blink
  
  

• Run, then look quickly at the 15 detected blinks (shortcut: Shift+Right arrow).
  
  

Remove simultaneous blinks/heartbeats

We will use these event markers as the input to our SSP cleaning method. This technique works well if each artifact is defined precisely and as independently as possible from the other artifacts. This means that we should try to avoid having two different artifacts marked at the same time.

Because the heart beats every second or so, there is a high chance that when the subject blinks there is a heartbeat not too far away in the recordings. We cannot remove all the blinks that are contaminated with a heartbeat because we would have no data left. But we have a lot of heartbeats, so we can do the contrary: remove the markers "cardiac" that are occurring during a blink.

In the Record tab, select the menu "Artifacts > Remove simultaneous". Set the options:

• Remove events named: "cardiac"

• When too close to events: "blink"

• Minimum delay between events: 250ms
  
  

After executing this process, the number of "cardiac" events goes from 465 to 456. The deleted heartbeats were all less than 250ms away from a blink.

Run #02: Running from a script

Let's perform the same detection operations on Run #02, using this time the Process1 box.

• Close everything with the [X] button at the top-right corner of the Brainstorm window.

• Select the run AEF #02 in the Process1 box, then select the following processes:

• Events > Detect heartbeats: Select channel ECG, check "All file", event name "cardiac".

• Events > Detect eye blinks: Select channel VEOG, check "All file", event name "blink".

• Events > Remove simultaneous: Remove "cardiac", too close to "blink", delay 250ms.
  
  

• Open the Run#02 recordings (MEG+EOG+ECG) and verify that the detection worked as expected. You should get 472 cardiac events and 19 blink events.

Artifacts classification

If the EOG signals are not as clean as here, the detection processes may create more than one category, for instance: blink, blink2, blink3. The algorithm not only detects specific events in a signal, it also classifies them by shape. For two detected events, the signals around the event marker have to be sufficiently correlated (> 0.8) to be classified in the same category. At the end of the process, all the categories that contain less than 5 events are deleted.

In the good cases, this can provide an automatic classification of different types of artifacts, for instance: blinks, saccades and other eye movements. The tutorial MEG median nerve (CTF) is a good illustration of appropriate classification: blink groups the real blinks, and blink2 contains mostly saccades.

In the bad cases, the signal is too noisy and the classfication fails. It leads to either many different categories, or none if all the categories have less than 5 events. If you don't get good results with the process "Detect eye blinks", you can try to run a custom detection with the classification disabled.

At the contrary, if you obtain one category that mixes multiple types of artifacts and would like to automatically separate them in different sub-groups, you can try the process "Events > Classify by shape". It is more powerful than the automatic classification from the event detection process because it can run on multiple signals at the same type: first it reduces the number of dimensions with a PCA decomposition, then runs a similar classification procedure.

Detection: Custom events

These two processes "Detect heartbeats" and "Detect eye blinks" are in reality shortcuts for a generic process "Detect custom events". This process can be used for detecting any kind of event based on the signal power in a specific frequency band. We are not going to use it here, but you may have to use it if the standard parameters do not work well, or for detecting other types of events.

• The signal to analyze is read from the continuous file (options "Channel name" and "Time window").

• Frequency band: The signal is filtered in a frequency band where the artifact is easy to detect. For EOG: 1.5-15Hz ; for ECG: 10-40Hz.

• Threshold: An event of interest is detected if the absolute value of the filtered signal value goes over a given number of times the standard deviation. For EOG: 2xStd, for ECG: 4xStd

• Minimum duration between two events: If the filtered signal crosses the threshold several times in relation with the same artifact (eg. muscle activity in an EMG channel), we don't want to trigger several events but just one at the beginning of the activity. This parameter would indicate the algorithm to take only the maximum value over the given time window; it also prevents from detecting other events immediately after a successful detection. For the ECG, this value is set to 500ms, because it is very unlikely that the heart rate of the subject goes over 120 beats per minute.

• Ignore the noisy segments: If this option is selected, the detection is not performed on the segments that are much noisier than the rest of the recordings.

• Enable classification: If this option is selected, the events are classified by shape in different categories, based on correlation measure. In the end, only the categories that have more than 5 occurrences are kept, all the other successful detections are ignored.
  
  

In case of failure

If the signals are not as clean as in this sample dataset, the automatic detection of the heartbeats and blinks may fail with the standard parameters. You may have to use the process "Detect custom events" and adjust some parameters. For instance:

• If nothing is detected: decrease the amplitude threshold, or try to adjust the frequency band.
• If too many events are detected: increase the amplitude threshold or the minimum duration between two events.
• If too many categories of events are generated, and you have a very little number of events in the end: disable the classification.
• To find the optimal frequency band for an artifact, you can open the recordings and play with the online band-pass filters in the Filter tab. Keep the band that shows the highest amplitude peaks.

If you cannot get your artifacts to be detected automatically, you can browse through the recordings and mark all the artifacts manually, as explained in the tutorial Event markers..

Other detection processes

Events > Detect analog trigger

• See tutorial Stimulation delays.

• This is used to detect events on any channel (MEG, EEG, STIM, Analog, etc), where the baseline is relatively stable and the events will predictably cross a threshold. This is useful when you want to detect a single time point (simple event) at the start of an event, as in these examples:
  
  

Events > Detect custom events

• See tutorial Artifact detection.

• This is used to detect events on any channel (MEG, EEG, STIM, Analog, etc) where the baseline is relatively stable and the events will predictably cross a threshold. This is useful when you want to detect a simple event at the peak of an event, as in these examples:
  
  

Events > Detect events above threshold

• See tutorial MEG visual: single subject.

• This is used to detect signal on any channel (MEG, EEG, STIM, Analog, etc) that is above a defined threshold value. This is useful when you want to detect all time points when the signal is above the threshold (extended events), as in these examples:
  
  

• The extended event can be converted to a single event (when the rising or falling edge is desired). in the Record tab, select the event to convert, then in the menu Events > Convert to simple event > select Start, Middle, or End to indicate where the marker should be placed.

Events > Detect other artifacts

• See tutorial Additional bad segments

Events > Detect movement

• See tutorial Detect subject movements

Synchronize > Transfer events

• See tutorial Synchronization with eye tracker

Artifacts > Detect bad channels: Peak-to-peak

• With imported data: Reject channels and trials from imported data.

• With raw data: Create bad events (specific channel or all channels) on the raw data.

• This process is usually not recommended, as the amplitude of the signal is not always a good marker of the quality of the channel.

Artifacts > Detect bad: amplitude and gradient thresholds

• With imported data: Reject trials from imported data.

• With raw data: Create bad events (all channels) on the raw data. Data is analyzed in windows which length is defined by the user.

• This process detects artifactual segments for MEG recordings based on the distribution of the signal peak-to-peak amplitude and the signal numerical gradient. This process is based on the AUTO option of the MEG trial rejection method available in ArtifactScanTool.

• Segments are identified as artifactual if they surpass the specified thresholds. These thresholds can be set in two ways: auto, thresholds are defined as n times the median absolute deviations (MAD) of each signal characteristic; manual: user provides the thresholds. Once the process is executed, the report shows the distribution and thresholds for the two signal characteristics.
  

  

Additional documentation

• Tutorial: Detect subject movements

• Tutorial: Synchronization with eye tracker