Corticomuscular coherence (MEG)

[TUTORIAL UNDER DEVELOPMENT: NOT READY FOR PUBLIC USE]

Authors: Raymundo Cassani, Francois Tadel & Sylvain Baillet.

Corticomuscular coherence measures the degree of similarity between electrophysiological signals (MEG, EEG, ECoG sensor traces or source time series, especially over the contralateral motor cortex) and the EMG signal recorded from muscle activity during voluntary movement. This signal similarity is due mainly to the descending communication along corticospinal pathways between primary motor cortex (M1) and muscles. For consistency and reproducibility purposes across major software toolkits, the present tutorial replicates the processing pipeline "Analysis of corticomuscular coherence" by FieldTrip.

Background

Coherence measures the linear relationship between two signals in the frequency domain. Previous studies (Conway et al., 1995, Kilner et al., 2000) have reported corticomuscular coherence effects in the 15–30 Hz range during maintained voluntary contractions.

IMAGE OF EXPERIMENT, SIGNALS and COHERENCE

Dataset description

The dataset comprises MEG recordings (151-channel CTF MEG system) and bipolar EMG recordings (from left and right extensor carpi radialis longus muscles) from one participant who was tasked to lift their hand and exert a constant force against a lever for about 10 seconds. The force was monitored by strain gauges on the lever. The participant performed two blocks of 25 trials using either the left or right wrist. EOG signals were also recorded, which will be useful for detection and attenuation of ocular artifacts. We will analyze the data from the left-wrist trials in the present tutorial. Replicating the pipeline with right-wrist data is a good exercise to do next!

Download and installation

• Requirements: Please make sure you have completed the get-started tutorials and that you have a working copy of Brainstorm installed on your computer. In addition, you need to install CAT12 plugin in Brainstorm. CAT12 will be used for MRI segmentation.

• Download the dataset:

  • Download SubjectCMC.zip from FieldTrip's FTP server:
    ftp://ftp.fieldtriptoolbox.org/pub/fieldtrip/tutorial/SubjectCMC.zip

  • Unzip the .zip in a folder not located in any of current Brainstorm's folders (the app per se or its database folder).

• Brainstorm:

  • Launch Brainstorm (via Matlab's command line or use Brainstorm's Matlab-free stand-alone version).

  • Select the menu File > Create new protocol. Name it TutorialCMC and select the options:
    No, use individual anatomy,
    No, use one channel file per acquisition run.

The next sections describe how to import the participant's anatomical data, review raw data, manage event markers, pre-process EMG and MEG signals, epoch and import recordings for further analyzes, with a focus on computing coherence at the sensor (scalp) and source (brain map) levels.

Importing and processing anatomy data

• Right-click on the newly created TutorialCMC node in your Brainstorm data tree then: New subject > Subject01.
  Keep the default options defined for the study (aka "protocol" in Brainstorm's jargon).

• Switch to the Anatomy view of the protocol.

• Right-click on the Subject01 node then Import MRI:

  • Select the adequate file format from the pull-down menu: All MRI file (subject space)

  • Select the file: SubjectCMC/SubjectCMC.mri

• This will open the MRI viewer showing the coronal, sagittal and axial views of the MRI. In addition, three anatomical fiducials: left and right pre-auricular points (LPA and RPA), and nasion (NAS) are automatically identified. These fiducials are located near the left/right ears and just above the nose respectively. Click on Save.

• 

We then need to segment the head tissues to obtain the surfaces required to derive a realistic MEG head model (aka "forward model"). Here, we will perform MRI segmentation with CAT12, this process takes between 30 to 60 minutes.

• Right-click on the SubjectCMC MRI node, then MRI segmentation > CAT12: Cortex, atlases, tissues. This will prompt a series of windows to set the parameters for the MRI segmentation, use the following parameters:

  • Number of vertices on the cortex surface use 15000

  • Compute anatomical parcellations? select Yes

  • Compute cortical maps select Yes

• 

Once finished, multiple atlases or anatomical parcellations (ICON) will appear in the dataset tree alongside with surfaces for the head (head mask), white matter, cortex (pial envelope) and the midpoint between these last two. The default surfaces are indicated in green. You can display the surfaces by double-clicking on these new nodes. For further information on the anatomy files see the Display the anatomy tutorial.

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As part of the MRI segmentation pipeline with CAT12, the anatomy data was normalized in the MNI space, and several anatomical parcellations were computed. These parcellations can be used to create volume and surface scouts, which will be used later in this tutorial to perform the coherence analysis in the source level.

Review the MEG and EMG recordings

Link the recordings to Brainstorm's database

• Switch now to the Functional data view (X button).

• Right-click on the Subject01 node then Review raw file:

  • Select the file format of current data from the pulldown menu options:
    MEG/EEG: CTF(*.ds; *.meg4; *.res4)

  • Select the file: SubjectCMC.ds

A new folder is now created in Brainstorm's database explorer and contains:

• SubjectCMC: a folder that provides access to the MEG dataset. Note the "RAW" tag over the icon of the folder, indicating the files contain unprocessed, continuous data.

• CTF channels (191): a node containing channel information with all channel types, names locations, etc. The number of channels available (MEG, EMG, EOG etc.) is indicated between parentheses (here, 191).

• Link to raw file provides access to to the original data file. All the relevant metadata was read from the dataset and copied inside the node itself (e.g., sampling rate, number of time samples, event markers). Note that Brainstorm's logic is not to import/duplicate the raw unprocessed data directly into the database. Instead, Brainstorm provides a link to that raw file for further review and data extraction (more information).

• 
  

Display MEG helmet and sensors

• Right-click on the CTF channels (191) node, then select Display sensors > CTF helmet from the contextual menu and Display sensors > MEG. This will open a new display window showing the inner surface of the MEG helmet, and the lo MEG sensors respectively. Try additional display menus.

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Reviewing continuous recordings

• Right-click on the Link to raw file node, then Switch epoched/continuous to convert the file to continuous, a technical detail proper to CTF file formatting.

• Right-click again on the Link to raw file node, then MEG > Display time series (or double-click on the node). This will open a new visualization window to explore data time series, also enabling the Time panel and the Record tab in the main Brainstorm window (see how to best use all controls in this panel and tab to explore data time series).

• We will also display EMG traces by right-clicking on the Link to raw file node, then EMG > Display time series.

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Event markers

The colored dots above the data time series indicate event markers (or triggers) saved with this dataset. The trial onset information of the left-wrist and right-wrist trials is saved in an auxiliary channel of the raw data named Stim. To add these markers, these events need to be decoded as follows:

• While the time series figure is open, go to the Record tab and File > Read events from channel. From the options of the Read from channel process window, set Event channels = Stim, select Value, and click Run.

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This procedure creates new event markers now shown in the Events section of the tab. along with previous event categories. In this tutorial, we will only use events U1 through U25, which correspond to how each of the 25 left-wrist trials had been encoded in the study. We will now delete other events of no interest, and merge the left trial events under a single event category, for convenience.

• Delete other events: select the events to delete in the event box/list with Ctrl+click, then in the menu Events > Delete group and confirm. Alternatively, you can selected all events with Ctrl+A and deselect the U1 to U25 events by clicking on them.

• To make sure we reproduce FieldTrip's tutorial, we need to reject trial #7: Select events U1 to U6 and U8 to U25, then from the Events menu, select Merge group and type in new label (Left_01) to describe this as the left-wrist condition.

• 

These events correspond to the beginning of 10-s trials of left-wrist movements. We will compute coherence over 1-s epochs over the first 8 s of each trial. To that purpose, we will now create extra events to define these epochs.

• Duplicate 7 times the Left events by selecting Duplicate group in the Events menu. The groups Left_02 to Left_08 will be created.

• For each copy of the Left events, we will add a time offset of 1 s for Left02, 2 s for Left03, and so on. Select the Left event group to add a 1,000 ms time offset, by going to the menu Events > Add time offset, enter 1,000 in the text box. Repeat for each other group, entering 2,000, then 3,000 etc.

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• Once done for Left_08, merge all these Left* events into a single Left category, and select Save modifications in the File menu in the Record tab.

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Pre-process

Another idiosyncrasy of the present dataset is that the CTF MEG data were saved without the desired 3-rd order gradient compensation for optimal denoising. We will now apply this compensation as follows:

• In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the Link to raw file node.

• Run process Artifacts > Apply SSP & CTF compensation:
  

• 

This process creates the SubjectCMC_clean folder that contains a copy of the channel file and a link to the raw file Raw | clean, which points to the original data and to the fact that the 3-rd order gradient compensation will be applied. Brainstorm does not create a physical copy of the actual, large dataset at this stage.

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Removal of power line artifacts

We will start with identifying the spectral components of power line contamination of MEG and EMG recordings.

• In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the Raw | clean node.

• Run process Frequency > Power spectrum density (Welch):
  

  • Time window: 0 - 330 s

  • Window length=10 s

  • Overlap=50%

  • Sensor types=MEG, EMG

• 

• Double-click on the new PSD file to visualize the power spectrum density of the data.
  

• 

• The PSD plot shows two groups of sensors: EMG (highlighted in red above) and the MEG spectra below. Peaks at 50Hz and its harmonics (100, 150, 200Hz and above) correspond to the European power line, and are clearly visible. We will use notch filters to attenuate power line contaminants at 50, 100 and 150 Hz.

• In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the Raw | clean node.

• Run the process Pre-processing > Notch filter with:
  

  • Sensor types = MEG, EMG

  • Frequencies to remove (Hz) = 50, 100, 150

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A new raw folder named SubjectCMC_clean_notch is created. Estimate the PSD of these signals to appreciate the effect of the notch filters applied. As above, please remember to indicate a Time window restricted from 0 to 330 s in the options of the PSD process.

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EMG pre-processing

Two typical pre-processing steps for EMG consist in high-pass filtering and rectifying.

• In the Process1 box: drag and drop the Raw | notch(50Hz 100Hz 150Hz) node.

• Add the process Pre-process > Band-pass filter

  • Sensor types = EMG

  • Lower cutoff frequency = 10 Hz

  • Upper cutoff frequency = 0 Hz

• Add the process Pre-process > Absolute values

  • Sensor types = EMG

• Run the pipeline

• 

Two new folders SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high and SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs are added to Brainstorm's database explorer. We can now safely delete folders that are not needed anymore:

• Delete SubjectCMC_clean_notch and SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high by selecting both before pressing Delete (or right-click File > Delete).

MEG pre-processing

We need to remove more artifacts from the MEG traces via the:

1. Detection and removal of stereotypical artifacts with SSP

2. Detection of noisy (bad) data segments.

Detection and removal of artifacts with SSP (Signal Space Projection)

Stereotypical artifacts such eye blinks and heartbeats can be identified from their respective characteristic spatial distributions. Their contaminationn of MEG signals can then be attenuated specifically using Signal-Space Projections (SSPs). For more details, consult the dedicated tutorials about the detection and removal of artifacts with SSP. The present tutorial dataset features an EOG channel but no ECG. We will perform only the removal of eye blinks.

• Display the MEG and EOG time series: Right-click on the pre-processed (for EMG) continuous file Raw | clean | notch(... (in the SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs folder) then MEG > Display time series and EOG > Display time series.

• In the Events section of the Record tab, select Artifacts > Detect eye blinks, and use the parameters:

  • Channel name= EOG

  • Time window = 0 - 330 s

  • Event name = blink

• 

• Three categories of blink events are created. Review the traces of EOG channels around a few of these events to ascertain they are related to eye blinks. In the present case, we note that the blink group contains genuine eye blinks, and that groups blink2 and blink3 capture saccade events.

• 

• To remove blink artifacts with SSP go to Artifacts > SSP: Eye blinks, and use the parameters:

  • Event name=blink

  • Sensors=MEG

  • Check Compute using existing SSP/ICA projectors

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• Display the time series and topographies of the first two (dominant) SSP components identified. In the present case, only the first SSP component can be clearly related to blinks. Select only component #1 for removal.

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• Follow the same procedure for the other blink events (blink2 and blink3). As mentioned above, none of the first two SSP components seem to be related to ocular artifacts. The figure below shows the visualization of the first two components for the blink2 group.

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• We therefore recommend to unselect the blink2 and blink3 groups from the Select Active Projectors panel (see below) rather than removing spatial components which nature remains ambiguous.

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• Click on the large crosshair at the top right of the main Brainstorm window to close all visualization windows.

Detection of "bad" data segments:

Here we will use the automatic detection of artifacts to identify data segments contaminated by e.g., large eye and head movements and muscle contractions.

• Display the MEG and EOG time series. In the Record tab, select Artifacts > Detect other artifacts and enter the following parameters:

  • Time window = 0 - 330 s

  • Sensor types=MEG

  • Sensitivity=3

  • Check both frequency bands 1-7 Hz and 40-240 Hz

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We encourage users to review and validate the segments marked using this procedure. In the present case, the segments detected as bad clearly point at contaminated MEG data segments, which we will now label these as "bad".

• Select the 1-7Hz and 40-240Hz event groups and select Events > Mark group as bad from the contextual menu. Alternatively, you can also rename the events created above and append the bad_ prefix to their name: Brainstorm will automatically discard these data segments from further processing.

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• Close all visualization windows and reply "Yes" to the save the modifications query.

Importing data epochs

At this point we are finished with the pre-processing of the EMG and MEG recordings. We will now extract and import specific data segments of interest into the Brainstorm database for further derivations. We refer to these segments as epochs or trials. As mentioned previously, we will focus on the Left (wrist) category of events.

• Right-click on the filtered continuous file Raw | clean | notch(... (in the SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs condition), then Import in database.

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• Enter the following parameter values:

  • Time window = 0 - 330 s

  • Check Use events and highlight the Left(x192) event group

  • Epoch time = 0 - 1000 ms

  • Check Apply SSP/ICA projectors

  • Check Remove DC offset and select All recordings

• 

A new folder SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs is created for Subject01. It contains a copy of the channel file from the original raw file, and individual trials tagged as Left in a new trial group. Expand the trial group and note there are trials marked with a question mark in a red circle (ICON). These indicate trials that occurred in the bad segments identified in the previous section. All the bad trials are automatically ignored for further processing, whenever dropped into the Process1 and Process2 tabs.

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Coherence estimation (sensor level)

We will now compute the magnitude square coherence (MSC) between the left EMG signal and each of the MEG sensor data.

• In the Process1 box, drag and drop the Left (192 files) trial group. Note that the number between square brackets is [185], as the 7 bad trials will be ignored by the MSC process.

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• Run the process Connectivity > Coherence 1xN [2021] with the following parameters:

  • Time window = 0 - 1000 ms or check All file

  • Source channel = EMGlft

  • Do not check Include bad channels nor Remove evoke response

  • Magnitude squared coherence

  • Window length for PSD estimation = 0.5 s

  • Overlap for PSD estimation = 50%

  • Highest frequency of interest = 80 Hz

  • Average cross-spectra of input files (one output file)

  • More details on the Coherence process can be found in the connectivity tutorial.

• 

• Double-click on the resulting node mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft to display the MSC spectra. Click on the maximum peak in the 15 to 20 Hz range, and press Enter to plot it in a new figure. This spectrum corresponds to channel MRC21, and shows a large peak at 17.58 Hz. You can also use the frequency slider (under the Time panel) to explore the MSC output more precisely across frequencies.

• Right-click on the spectrum and select 2D Sensor cap for a topographical representation of the magnitude of the coherence results across the sensor array. You may also use the shortcut Ctrl-T. The sensor locations can be displayed with a right-click and by selecting Channels > Display sensors from the contextual menu (shortcut Ctrl-E).

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We can now average magnitude of the MSC across a frequency band of interest (15-20 Hz):

• In the Process1 box, drag-and-drop the mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft node, and add the process Frequency > Group in time or frequency bands with the parameters:

  • Select Group by frequency

  • Type cmc_band / 15, 20 / mean in the text box.

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The resulting file mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft | tfbands has only one MSC value for each sensor (the MSC average in the 15-20 Hz band). You may visualize the topography of this MSC statistics via 3 possible representations: 2D Sensor cap, 2D Sensor cap and 2D Disk, which are all accessible via a right-click over the MSC node. We clicked on sensor MRC21 below; it is shown in red.

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We can observe higher MSC values between the EMG signal and MEG sensor signals over the contralateral set of central sensors in the beta band. Unfortunately, sensor-level connectivity present the disadvantages of: not being interpretable, and being subject to spurious results due to volume conduction.

In the next section we will compute coherence in the source level. To do this, we first need to estimate the sources time series from the sensor data.

MEG source modelling

We will perform source modelling using a distributed model approach for two possible source spaces: the cortex surface and the entire MRI volume. In the surface space, a source grid is made with the source located on the cortical surface obtained from the participant's MRI. For the volume space, the source grid consist of elementary sources uniformly distributed across the entire brain volume. Before estimating the brain sources, we need to derive the sensor noise covariance matrix, and the head model.

Noise covariance

The recommendation for MEG, is to extract basic noise statistics from empty-room recordings. However, when recommended empty-room recordings are not available, as with this tutorial data, resting-state data can be used as proxies for MEG noise covariance. See the noise covariance tutorial for more details.

• In the raw SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs node, right-click over Raw | clean | notch(...and select Noise covariance > Compute from recordings. Please enter the following parameters:

  • Baseline: from 18 to 30 s

  • Select the Block by block option.

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• Copy the Noise covariance node to the SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs folder. This can be done using the shortcuts Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V.

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Head model

The head model, aka forward model, accounts for how neural electrical currents (in a source space) produce magnetic fields captured by sensors outside the head, considering head tissues electromagnetic properties and geometry, independently of actual empirical measurements. As the head model depends on the source space, a distinct head model is required for the surface and volume source spaces. Please refer to the head model tutorial for more in-depth explanations.

Surface

• Go to the Anatomy view of the database and verify that the pial_15002V surface is the default (green characters) cortex surface. Otherwise, right-click on it and select Set as default cortex in the contextual menu.

• Go back Functional data view of the database, and in the SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs node, right-click over CTF channels (191) and select Compute head model from the contextual menu. Run the process with the options as indicated below:

  • Comment = Overlapping spheres (surface)

  • Source space = Cortex surface

  • Forward model = MEG Overlapping spheres.

The cortical head model will be derived from each of the 15,000 sources (surface vertices) as defined in the default cortex.

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The (ICON) Overlapping spheres (surface) head model now appears in the database explorer.

Volume

• In the SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs node, right-click over the CTF channels (191) node and select Compute head model. Set the option values to:

  • Comment = Overlapping spheres (volume)

  • Source space = MRI volume

  • Forward model = Overlapping spheres.

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• In the Volume source grid window, specify the following parameters that will produce around 11,500 source grid points across the brain volume.

  • Select Regular grid and Brain

  • Grid resolution = 5 mm

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The Overlapping spheres (volume) head model is now added to the database explorer. The green color indicates this is the default head model for the current folder (this can be changed by simply double clicking over the head model nodes.)

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Source estimation

Now that the noise covariance and head model(s) are available, we will perform source estimation, to find the sources that gave origin to the signals registers in the sensors. From the diverse source estimation methods available in Brainstorm, in this tutorial the minimum-norm imaging method is used. The minimum-norm method estimates the linear combination of the current at each point in the source grid that explains the recorded sensor signals favouring minimum energy (L2-norm) solutions. As result, a large matrix called the imaging kernel is obtained. By multiplying the imaging kernel with the sensor data, it is possible to obtain the estimates of brain sources time series. A different imaging kernel is derived for each of the head models we have produced above: surface and volume. See the source estimation tutorial for more details.

Surface

Here we will estimate the sources in the surface space for constrained (normal to the cortex) and unconstrained dipole orientations.

• Right-click on the Overlapping spheres (surface) head model and select Compute sources [2018]. Enter the following parameters:

  • Minimum norm imaging

  • Current density map

  • Constrained: Normal to the cortex

  • Comment = MN: MEG (surface)

• Repeat the previous step, but this time select Unconstrained in the Dipole orientations field.

The inversion kernels (ICON) MN: MEG (surface)(Constr) 2018 and MN: MEG (surface)(Unconstr) 2018 are now available in the database explorer.

• 

Volume

To compute the imaging kernel for the volume source space:

• Right-click on the Overlapping spheres (volume) head model and select Compute sources [2018], with the following parameters:

  • Minimum norm imaging

  • Current density map

  • Unconstrained

  • Comment = MN: MEG (volume)

• 

At this point the imaging kernel (ICON) MN: MEG (volume)(Unconstr) 2018 is now also available in the database explorer.

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Note that each trial is associated with three source link (ICON) nodes, that correspond to each of the imaging kernels obtained above.

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Coherence estimation (source level)

Once we have computed the time series for the sources, it is time to compute coherence between the EMG signal and brain sources obtained with each of the imaging kernels.

Let's start with sources from the MN: MEG (surface)(Constr) kernel:

• To select the source maps we want to include in the coherence estimation, click on the Search Database button (ICON), and select New search.

• Set the search parameters as shown below, and click on Search.

• 

This will create a new tab in the database explorer. This new tab contains only the files that match the search criteria.

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• Click the Process2 tab at the bottom of the main Brainstorm window and drag-and-drop the Left (192 files) trial group into the Files A box and repeat for the Files B box. Select Process recordings (ICON) for Files A, and Process sources (ICON) for Files B. The logic is that we will extract from the same files the EMG signal (Files A side) and the sources time series (Files B side), and then compute coherence between these two sets. Note that blue labels over the Files A and the Files B boxes indicate that there are 185 "good trial" files per box.

• 

Open the Pipeline editor:

• Add the process Connectivity > Coherence AxB [2021] with the following parameters:

  • Time window = 0 - 1000 ms or check All file

  • Source channel (A) = EMGlft

  • Uncheck Use scouts (B)

  • Do not Remove evoked responses from each trial

  • Magnitude squared coherence, Window length = 0.5 s

  • Overlap = 50%

  • Highest frequency = 80 Hz

  • Average cross-spectra.

• Add the process File > Add tag with the following parameters:

  • Tag to add = (surface)(Constr)

  • Select Add to file name

• Run the pipeline

• 

• 

• Once the processing is finish. Go to the Database tab of the database explorer and refresh it (with F5 key) to show the resulting 1xN connectivity file (ICON) mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): Left (#1) | (surface)(Constr).

• Repeat the steps above to compute the EMG-sources coherence for the sources from the kernels MN: MEG (surface)(Unconstr) and MN: MEG (volume)(Unconstr).
  Do not forget to update the search criteria and the tag to be added to the result.

Comparing results

Results seem more smooth with the unconstrained, see discussion here Coherence is computed between the reference signal (EMGlft) and each dimension, to plot the value of coherence is the flatted as PROCEDURE

Here explain that the Unconstrained, how a final value of coherence in obtained. (Same as for unconstrained surface)

Flattening unconstrained sources (ADVANCED)

In the case of surface unconstrained and volume, eas dipole has 3 dimensions. In the experiments shown above, the flattening happens on the connectivity metric. An alternative approach would be to go from 3D sources to 1D, this can be done with PCA. This is the process XXX.

Here present the results of Surface-Unconstrained-Rmax vs Surface-Unconstrained-PCA Add the results and recommendations.

== Coherence estimation (ROIs level) As we mentioned, there is a coherence spectrum for each of the 15k sources. This is not practical. For that reason often the analysis is performed with the use of ROIs. The definition of ROIs is a current problem that is not solved here. Here we will be working only with the surface unconstrained data. We will use the xxx atlas for our calculations

Place, EMGlft and sources, selected scouts, and after and before. Explain the difference between both metrics, the advantages regarding processing. If possible add diagrams.

Here goes the before and after discussion. Compare the results.

Connectivity NxN (connectome)

Here we want to write about performing NxN connectivity with the scouts. This should not be done with sources as it leads to a very big matrix that will not fit in the RAM

Also we need to define several parameters in our experiments: - source estimation method - source estimation surface or volume - if surface constrained or unconstrained - How to select the scouts - How to perform the aggregation across scouts (before or after) - Which function to use for the aggregation

All those are open questions that are not addressed in this tutorial nor in the literature.

Script

Additional documentation

Articles

• Conway BA, Halliday DM, Farmer SF, Shahani U, Maas P, Weir AI, et al.
  Synchronization between motor cortex and spinal motoneuronal pool during the performance of a maintained motor task in man.
  The Journal of Physiology. 1995 Dec 15;489(3):917–24.

• Kilner JM, Baker SN, Salenius S, Hari R, Lemon RN.
  Human Cortical Muscle Coherence Is Directly Related to Specific Motor Parameters.
  J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 1;20(23):8838–45.

• Liu J, Sheng Y, Liu H.
  Corticomuscular Coherence and Its Applications: A Review.
  Front Hum Neurosci. 2019 Mar 20;13:100.

Tutorials

• Tutorial: Volume source estimation

• Tutorial: Functional connectivity

Forum discussions

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