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| <<HTML(<style>.backtick {font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;}</style>)>><<HTML(<style>abbr {font-weight: bold;}</style>)>> <<HTML(<style>em strong {font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; padding: 2px; border-radius: 5px; background-color: #DDD; color: #111;}</style>)>> = Corticomuscular coherence (MEG) = '''[TUTORIAL UNDER DEVELOPMENT: NOT READY FOR PUBLIC USE] ''' ''Authors: Raymundo Cassani, Francois Tadel & Sylvain Baillet.'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticomuscular_coherence|Corticomuscular coherence]] measures a degree of similarity between electrophysiological signals (MEG, EEG, ECoG sensor traces or source time series, especially over the contralateral motor cortex) and the EMG signal recorded from muscle activity during voluntary movement. This signal similarity is due mainly to the descending communication along corticospinal pathways between primary motor cortex (M1) and muscles. For consistency and reproducibility purposes across major software toolkits, the present tutorial replicates the processing pipeline "[[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|Analysis of corticomuscular coherence]]" by FieldTrip. <<TableOfContents(2,2)>> == Background == [[Tutorials/Connectivity#Coherence|Coherence]] measures the linear relationship between two signals in the frequency domain. Previous studies ([[https://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021104|Conway et al., 1995]], [[https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08838.2000|Kilner et al., 2000]]) have reported cortico-muscular coherence effects in the 15–30 Hz range during maintained voluntary contractions. IMAGE OF EXPERIMENT, SIGNALS and COHERENCE |
<<HTML(<style>tt {font-size: 16px;}</style>)>><<HTML(<style>abbr {font-weight: bold;}</style>)>> <<HTML(<style>em strong {font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; padding: 2px; border-radius: 5px; background-color: #EEE; color: #111;}</style>)>> = Corticomuscular coherence (CTF MEG) = ''Authors: Raymundo Cassani, Francois Tadel, [[https://www.neurospeed-bailletlab.org/sylvain-baillet|Sylvain Baillet]].'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticomuscular_coherence|Corticomuscular coherence]] measures the degree of similarity between electrophysiological signals (MEG, EEG, ECoG sensor traces or source time series, especially over the contralateral motor cortex) and the EMG signals recorded from muscle activity during voluntary movements. Cortical-muscular signals similarities are conceived as due mainly to the descending communication along corticospinal pathways between primary motor cortex (M1) and the muscles attached to the moving limb(s). For consistency purposes, the present tutorial replicates, with Brainstorm tools, the processing pipeline "[[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|Analysis of corticomuscular coherence]]" of the FieldTrip toolbox. <<TableOfContents(3,2)>> |
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| The dataset comprises recordings from MEG (151-channel CTF MEG system) and bipolar EMG (from left and right extensor carpi radialis longus muscles) from one participant who was tasked to lift their hand and exert a constant force against a lever for about 10 seconds. The force was monitored by strain gauges on the lever. The participant performed two blocks of 25 trials using either the left or right wrist. EOG signals were also recorded, which will be useful for detection and attenuation of ocular artifacts. We will analyze the data from the left-wrist trials in the present tutorial. Replicating the pipeline with right-wrist data is a good exercise to do next! | The dataset is identical to that of the FieldTrip tutorial: [[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|Analysis of corticomuscular coherence]]: * One participant, * MEG recordings: 151-channel CTF MEG system, * Bipolar EMG recordings: from left and right extensor carpi radialis longus muscles, * EOG recordings: used for detection and attenuation of ocular artifacts, * MRI: 1.5T Siemens system, * Task: The participant lifted their hand and exerted a constant force against a lever for about 10 seconds. The force was monitored by strain gauges on the lever. The participant performed two blocks of 25 trials using either their left or right hand. * Here we describe relevant Brainstorm tools via the analysis of the left-wrist trials. We encourage the reader to practice further by replicating the same pipeline using right-wrist trials! Corticomuscular coherence: * [[Tutorials/Connectivity#Coherence|Coherence]] measures the linear relationship between two signals in the frequency domain. * Previous studies ([[https://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021104|Conway et al., 1995]], [[https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08838.2000|Kilner et al., 2000]]) have reported corticomuscular coherence effects in the 15–30 Hz range during maintained voluntary contractions. * TODO: IMAGE OF EXPERIMENT, SIGNALS and COHERENCE |
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| * '''Requirements''': Please make sure you have completed the [[Tutorials|get-started tutorials]] and that you have a working copy of Brainstorm installed on your computer. In addition, you need to [[Tutorials/SegCAT12#Install_CAT12|install CAT12 plugin]] in Brainstorm. [[http://www.neuro.uni-jena.de/cat/index.html|CAT12]] will be used for MRI segmentation. * '''Download the dataset''': * Download `SubjectCMC.zip` from FieldTrip's FTP server:<<BR>> ftp://ftp.fieldtriptoolbox.org/pub/fieldtrip/tutorial/SubjectCMC.zip * Unzip the .zip in a folder not located in any of current Brainstorm's folders (the app per se or its database folder). * '''Brainstorm''': * Launch Brainstorm (via Matlab's command line or use Brainstorm's Matlab-free stand-alone version). * Select the menu '''''File > Create new protocol'''''. Name it `TutorialCMC` and select the options:<<BR>> '''No, use individual anatomy''', <<BR>> '''No, use one channel file per acquisition run'''. The next sections describe how to import the participant's anatomical data, review raw data, manage event markers, pre-process EMG and MEG signals, epoch and import recordings for further analyzes, with a focus on computing coherence at the sensor (scalp) and brain map (sources) levels. == Importing and processing anatomy data == * Right-click on the newly created '''TutorialCMC''' node in your Brainstorm data tree then: '''''New subject > Subject01'''''.<<BR>>Keep the default options defined for the study (aka "protocol" in Brainstorm's jargon). * Switch to the '''Anatomy''' view of the protocol. * Right-click on the '''Subject01''' node then '''''Import MRI''''': * Select the adequate file format from the pull-down menu: '''All MRI file (subject space)''' |
'''Pre-requisites''' * Please make sure you have completed the [[Tutorials|get-started tutorials]], prior to going through the present tutorial. * Have a working copy of Brainstorm installed on your computer. * [[Tutorials/SegCAT12#Install_CAT12|Install the CAT12]] Brainstorm plugin, to perform MRI segmentation from the Brainstorm dashboard. '''Download the dataset''' * Download `SubjectCMC.zip` from the FieldTrip download page:<<BR>> https://download.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/SubjectCMC.zip * Unzip the downloaded archive file in a folder outside the Brainstorm database or app folders (for instance, directly on your desktop). '''Brainstorm''' * Launch Brainstorm (via the Matlab command line or the Matlab-free stand-alone version of Brainstorm). * Select from the menu '''File > Create new protocol'''. Name the new protocol `TutorialCMC` and select the options:<<BR>> No, use individual anatomy, <<BR>> No, use one channel file per acquisition run. == Importing anatomy == * Right-click on the newly created TutorialCMC node > '''New subject > Subject01'''.<<BR>>Keep the default options defined for the study (aka "protocol" in Brainstorm's vernacular). * Switch to the Anatomy view of the protocol (<<Icon(iconSubjectDB.gif)>>). * Right-click on the Subject01 > '''Import MRI''': * Select the file format: '''All MRI files (subject space)''' |
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| * This will open the '''MRI viewer''' showing the coronal, sagittal and axial views of the MRI. In addition, [[CoordinateSystems|three anatomical fiducials]]: left and right pre-auricular points (LPA and RPA), and nasion (NAS) are automatically identifed. These fiducials are located near the left/right ears and just above the nose respectively. Click on '''Save'''. {{{#!wiki comment * Register the individual anatomy to MNI brain space, for standardization of coordinates: in the '''MRI viewer''' click on '''Click here to compute MNI normalization''', use the '''maff8''' method. When the normalization is complete, verify that the locations of the anatomical fiducials are adequate (essentially that they are indeed near the left/right ears and right above the nose) and click on '''Save'''. |
* This step will launch Brainstorm's MRI viewer, where coronal, sagittal and axial cross-sections of the MRI volume are displayed. note that [[CoordinateSystems|three anatomical fiducials]] (left and right pre-auricular points (LPA and RPA), and nasion (NAS)) are automatically identified. These fiducials are located near the left/right ears and just above the nose, respectively. Click on '''Save'''. <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:mri_viewer.gif||width="344",height="295"}} * In all typical Brainstorm workflows from this tutorial handbook, we recommend processing the MRI volume at this stage, before importing the functional (MEG/EEG) data. However, we will proceed differently, for consistency with the original FieldTrip pipeline, and readily obtain sensor-level coherence results. We will proceed with MRI segmentation below, before performing source-level analyses. * We still need to verify the proper geometric registration (alignment) of MRI with MEG. We will therefore now extract the scalp surface from the MRI volume. * Right-click on the MRI (<<Icon(iconMri.gif)>>) > MRI segmentation > '''Generate head surface'''. <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:head_process.gif}} * Double-click on the newly created surface to display the scalp in 3-D.<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:head_display.gif}} == MEG and EMG recordings == === Link the recordings === * Switch now to the '''Functional data '''view of your database contents (<<Icon(iconStudyDBSubj.gif)>>). * Right-click on Subject01 > '''Review raw file''': * Select the appropriate MEG file format: '''MEG/EEG: CTF(*.ds; *.meg4; *.res4)''' * Select the data file: `SubjectCMC.ds` * A new folder '''SubjectCMC '''is created in the Brainstorm database explorer. Note the "RAW" tag over the icon of the folder (<<Icon(iconRawFolderClose.gif)>>), indicating that the MEG files contain unprocessed, continuous data. This folder includes: * '''CTF channels (191)''' is a file with all channel information, including channel types (MEG, EMG, etc.), names, 3-D locations, etc. The total number of channels available (MEG, EMG, EOG etc.) is indicated between parentheses. * '''Link to raw file '''is a link to the original data file. Brainstorm reads all the relevant metadata from the original dataset and saves them into this symbolic node of the data tree (e.g., sampling rate, number of time samples, event markers). As seen elsewhere in the tutorial handbook, Brainstorm does not create copies by default of (potentially large) unprocessed data files ([[Tutorials/ChannelFile#Review_vs_Import|more information]]). . {{attachment:review_raw.png}} <<BR>> === MEG-MRI coregistration === * This registration step is to align the MEG coordinate system with the participant's anatomy from MRI ([[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/ChannelFile#Automatic_registration|more info]]). Here we will use only the three anatomical landmarks stored in the MRI volume and specific at the moment of MEG data collection. From the [[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|FieldTrip tutorial]]:<<BR>>''"To measure the head position with respect to the sensors, three coils were placed at anatomical landmarks of the head (nasion, left and right ear canal). [...] During the MRI scan, ear molds containing small containers filled with vitamin E marked the same landmarks. This allows us, together with the anatomical landmarks, to align source estimates of the MEG with the MRI." '' * To visually appreciate the correctness of the registration, right-click on the '''CTF channels''' node > '''MRI registration > Check'''. This opens a 3-D figure showing the inner surface of the MEG helmet (in yellow), the head surface, the fiducial points and the axes of the [[CoordinateSystems#Subject_Coordinate_System_.28SCS_.2F_CTF.29|subject coordinate system (SCS)]].<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:fig_registration.gif||width="209",height="204"}} === Reviewing === * Right-click on the Link to raw file > '''Switch epoched/continuous''' to convert how the data i stored in the file to a continuous reviewing format, a technical detail proper to CTF file formatting. * Right-click on the Link to raw file > '''MEG > Display time series''' (or double-click on its icon). This will display data time series and enable the Time panel and the Record tab in the main Brainstorm window (see specific features in "[[Tutorials/ReviewRaw|explore data time series]]"). * Right-click on the Link to raw file > '''EMG > Display time series'''. . [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=timeseries_meg_emg.png|{{attachment:timeseries_meg_emg.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=timeseries_meg_emg.png}}]] === Event markers === The colored dots at the top of the figure, above the data time series, indicate [[Tutorials/EventMarkers|event markers]] (or triggers) saved along with MEG data. The actual onsets of the left- and right-wrist trials are not displayed yet: they are saved in an auxiliary channel of the raw data named ''Stim''. To add these markers to the display, follow this procedure: * With the time series figure still open, go to the Record tab and select '''File > Read events from channel'''. Event channels = `Stim`, select Value, Reject events shorter than 12 samples. Click '''Run'''. . . {{attachment:read_evnt_ch.gif}} * The rejection of short events is nececessary in this dataset, because transitions between values in the Stim channel may span over several time samples. Otherwise, and for example, an event U1 would be created at 121.76s because the transition from the event U1025 back to zero features two unwanted values at the end of the event. The rejection criteria is set to 12 time samples (10ms), because the duration of all the relevant triggers is longer than 15ms. This value is proper to each dataset, so make sure you verify trigger detections from your own dataset.<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:triggers_min_duration.gif}} * New event markers are created and now shown in the Events section of the tab, along with previous event categories. In this tutorial, we will only use events '''U1''' through '''U25''', which correspond to the beginning of each of the 25 left-wrist trials of 10 seconds. Following FieldTrip's tutorial, let's reject trial #7, event '''U7'''. * Delete all unused events: Select all the events '''except''' '''U1-U6''' and '''U8-25''' (Ctrl+click / Shift+click), then menu '''Events > Delete group''' (or press the Delete key). * Merge events: Select all the event groups, then select from the menu '''Events > ''' Merge group > '''"Left"'''. A new event category called "Left" now indicate the onsets of 24 trials of left-wrist movements.<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:left_24.gif}} == Pre-processing == {{{#!wiki note In this tutorial, we will analyze only the '''Left''' trials (left-wrist extensions). In the following sections, we will process only the first '''330 s''' of the original recordings, where the left-wrist trials were performed. |
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| . [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=mri_viewer.png|{{attachment:mri_viewer.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=mri_viewer.png}}]] We then need to segment the head tissues to obtain the surfaces required to derive a realistic MEG [[Tutorials/HeadModel|head model (aka "forward model")]]. Here, we will perform [[Tutorials/SegCAT12|MRI segmentation with CAT12]], this process takes between 30 to 60 minutes. * Right-click on the '''SubjectCMC''' MRI node, then '''''MRI segmentation > CAT12: Cortex, atlases, tissues'''''. This will prompt a series of windows to set the parameters for the MRI segmentation, use the following parameters: * '''Number of vertices on the cortex surface''' use `15000` * '''Compute anatomical parcellations?''' select `Yes` * '''Compute cortical maps''' select `Yes` . {{attachment:cat12.png||width="100%"}} Once finished, multiple atlases or anatomical parcellations (ICON) will appear in the dataset tree alongside with surfaces for the head (head mask), white matter, cortex (pial envelope) and the midpoint between these last two. The default surfaces are indicated in green. You can display the surfaces by double-clicking on these new nodes. For further information on the anatomy files see the [[Tutorials/ExploreAnatomy|Display the anatomy tutorial]]. . {{attachment:import_result.png||width="40%"}} As part of the MRI segmentation pipeline with CAT12, the anatomy data was normalized in the MNI space, and several anatomical parcellations were computed. These parcellations can be used to create [[Tutorials/TutVolSource#Volume_atlases|volume]] and [[Tutorials/Scouts|surface scouts]], which will be used later in this tutorial to perform the coherence analysis in the source level. {{{#!wiki note Additional '''MNI parcellation templates''' to define anatomical regions of the brain can be used in Brainstorm for MNI-normalized MRI anatomy. See [[Tutorials/DefaultAnatomy#MNI_parcellations|MNI parcellations]] }}} == Review the MEG and EMG recordings == === Link the recordings to Brainstorm's database === * Switch now to the '''Functional data''' view (X button). * Right-click on the '''Subject01''' node then '''''Review raw file''''': * Select the file format of current data from the pulldown menu options: '''MEG/EEG: CTF(*.ds; *.meg4; *.res4)''' * Select the file: `SubjectCMC.ds` A new folder is now created in Brainstorm's database explorer and contains: * '''SubjectCMC''': a folder that provides access to the MEG dataset. Note the "RAW" tag over the icon of the folder, indicating the files contain unprocessed, continuous data. * '''CTF channels (191)''': a node containing '''channel information''' with all channel types, names locations, etc. The number of channels available (MEG, EMG, EOG etc.) is indicated between parentheses''' (here, 191'''). * '''Link to raw file''' provides access to '''to the original data file'''. All the relevant metadata was read from the dataset and copied inside the node itself (e.g., sampling rate, number of time samples, event markers). Note that Brainstorm's logic is not to import/duplicate the raw unprocessed data directly into the database. Instead, Brainstorm provides a link to that raw file for further review and data extraction ([[Tutorials/ChannelFile#Review_vs_Import|more information]]). . {{attachment:review_raw.png}} <<BR>> === Display MEG helmet and sensors === * Right-click on the '''CTF channels (191)''' node, then select '''''Display sensors > CTF helmet''''' from the contextual menu and '''''Display sensors > MEG. '''''This will open a new display window showing the inner surface of the MEG helmet, and the lo MEG sensors respectively. Try [[Tutorials/ChannelFile#Display_the_sensors|additional display menus]]. . {{attachment:helmet_sensors.png}} === Reviewing continuous recordings === * Right-click on the '''Link to raw file''' node, then '''''Switch epoched/continuous''''' to convert the file to '''continuous''', a technical detail proper to CTF file formatting. * Right-click again on the '''Link to raw file''' node, then '''''MEG > Display time series''''' (or double-click on the node). This will open a new visualization window to explore data time series, also enabling the '''''Time''''' panel and the '''''Record''''' tab in the main Brainstorm window (see how to best use all controls in this panel and tab to [[Tutorials/ReviewRaw|explore data time series]]). * We will also display EMG traces by right-clicking on the '''Link to raw file''' node, then '''''EMG > Display time series'''''. . [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=timeseries_meg_emg.png|{{attachment:timeseries_meg_emg.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=timeseries_meg_emg.png}}]] === Event markers === The colored dots above the data time series indicate [[Tutorials/EventMarkers|event markers]] (or triggers) saved with this dataset. The trial onset information of the left-wrist and right-wrist trials is saved in an auxiliary channel of the raw data named '''Stim'''. To add these markers, these events need to be decoded as follows: * While the time series figure is open, go to the '''''Record''''' tab and '''''File > Read events from channel'''''. From the options of the '''Read from channel''' process window, set '''Event channels''' = `Stim`, select '''Value''', and click '''Run'''. . {{attachment:read_evnt_ch.png}} This procedure creates new event markers now shown in the '''''Events''''' section of the tab. along with previous event categories. In this tutorial, we will only use events '''U1''' through '''U25''', which correspond to how each of the 25 left-wrist trials had been encoded in the study. We will now delete other events of no interest, and merge the left trial events under a single event category, for convenience. * Delete other events: select the events to delete in the event box/list with '''Ctrl+click''', then in the menu '''''Events > Delete group''''' and confirm. Alternatively, you can selected all events with '''Ctrl+A''' and deselect the '''U1''' to '''U25''' events by clicking on them. * To make sure we reproduce FieldTrip's tutorial, we need to reject trial #7: Select events '''U1''' to '''U6''' and '''U8''' to '''U25''', then from the '''Events '''menu, select''' Merge group''' and type in new label ('''Left_01''') to describe this as the left-wrist condition. . {{attachment:left_24.png}} These events correspond to the beginning of 10-s trials of left-wrist movements. We will compute coherence over 1-s epochs over the first 8 s of each trial. To that purpose, we will now create extra events to define these epochs. * Duplicate 7 times the '''Left''' events by selecting '''''Duplicate group''''' in the '''''Events''''' menu. The groups '''Left_02''' to '''Left_08''' will be created. * For each copy of the '''Left''' events, we will add a time offset of 1 s for '''Left02''', 2 s for '''Left03''', and so on. Select the '''Left '''event group to add a 1,000 ms time offset, by going to the menu '''''Events > Add time offset'', '''enter 1,000 in the text box. Repeat for each other group, entering 2,000, then 3,000 etc. . {{attachment:dup_offset.png}} * Once done for '''Left_08''', merge all these '''Left*''' events into a single '''Left '''category, and select '''''Save modifications''''' in the '''''File''''' menu in the '''''Record''''' tab. . {{attachment:left_192.png}} {{{#!wiki comment === Keep relevant recordings === As only data for the left wrist will be analyzed, we will import only the first '''330 s''' of the original file and rewrite that segment as a binary continuous file, a raw file. This will help to optimize computation times and memory usage. * In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the '''Link to raw file''' node inside '''SubjectCMC'''. * Run process '''Import > Import recordings > Import MEG/EEG: Time''':<<BR>> * '''Subject name'''=`Subject01`, '''Condition name'''= `Left`, '''Time window'''=`0.0 - 330.0 s`, '''Split recordings'''=`0`, and check the three remaining options.<<BR>> . {{attachment:import330_process.png||width="50%"}} * Right-click on the '''Raw(0.00s,330.00s)''' node inside the newly created '''Left''' condition and select '''Review as raw'''. This will crate the condition '''block001''' with the link to the created raw file. . {{attachment:review_as_raw.png||width="50%"}} * To avoid any confusion later, delete the conditions '''SubjectCMC''' (which is a link to the original file), and the condition '''Left'''. Select both folders containing and press Delete (or right-click '''File > Delete'''). }}} == Pre-process == {{{#!wiki note In this tutorial, we will analyze only the '''Left''' trials (left-wrist extensions). In the following sections, we will process only the first '''330 s''' of the recordings, where the left-wrist trials were performed. }}} Another idiosyncrasy of the present dataset is that the CTF MEG data were saved without the desired 3-rd order gradient compensation for optimal denoising. We will now apply this compensation as follows: * In the '''''Process1''''' box: Drag and drop the '''Link to raw file''' node. * Run process '''''Artifacts > Apply SSP & CTF compensation''''':<<BR>> . {{attachment:pro_ctf_compensation.png||width="50%"}} This process creates the '''SubjectCMC_clean''' folder that contains a copy of the '''channel file''' and a link to the raw file '''Raw | clean''', which points to the original data and to the fact that the 3-rd order gradient compensation will be applied. Brainstorm does not create a physical copy of the actual, large dataset at this stage. . {{attachment:tre_raw_clean.png||width="40%"}} === Removal of power line artifacts === We will start with identifying the spectral components of power line contamination of MEG and EMG recordings. * In the '''''Process1''''' box: Drag and drop the '''Raw | clean''' node. |
=== Power line artifacts === * In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the '''Link to raw file'''. |
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| * '''Time window''': `0 - 330 s` * '''Window length='''`10 s` * '''Overlap'''=`50%` * '''Sensor types'''=`MEG, EMG . {{attachment:pro_psd.png||width="50%"}} * Double-click on the new '''PSD''' file to visualize the power spectrum density of the data.<<BR>> |
* '''Time window''': `0-330 s` * '''Window length''':''' '''`10 s` * '''Overlap''': `50%` * '''Sensor types''': `MEG, EMG` . {{attachment:pro_psd.png||width="60%"}} * Double-click on the new PSD file to visualize the power spectrum density of the data.<<BR>> |
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| * The PSD plot shows two groups of sensors: EMG (highlighted in red above) and the MEG spectra below. Peaks at 50Hz and harmonics (150, 200Hz and above; European power line main and harmonics) are clearly visible. We will use notch filters to attenuate power line contaminants at 50, 150 and 200 Hz. * In the '''''Process1''''' box: Drag and drop the '''Raw | clean''' node. * Run the process '''''Pre-processing > Notch filter''''' with: <<BR>> * '''Sensor types''' = `MEG, EMG` * '''Frequencies to remove (Hz)''' = `50, 100, 150` . {{attachment:pro_notch.png||width="50%"}} A new '''raw''' folder named '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch''' is created. Estimate the PSD of these signals to appreciate the effect of the notch filters applied. As above, please remember to indicate a '''Time window''' restricted from 0 to 330 s in the options of the PSD process. |
* The PSD plot shows two groups of sensors: EMG (highlighted in red above) and the MEG spectra below (black lines). Peaks at 50Hz and harmonics (100, 150, 200Hz and above) indicate the European power line frequency and are clearly visible. We will now use notch filters to attenuate power line contaminants at 50, 100 and 150 Hz. * In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the '''Raw | clean''' node. * Run the process '''Pre-processing > Notch filter''' with: <<BR>> * Check '''Process the entire file at once''' * '''Sensor types''': `MEG, EMG` * '''Frequencies to remove (Hz)''': `50, 100, 150` . {{attachment:pro_notch.png||width="60%"}} * In case you get a memory error message:<<BR>>These MEG recordings have been saved before applying the CTF 3rd-order gradient compensation, for noise reduction. The compensation weights are therefore applied on the fly when Brainstorm reads data from the file. However, this requires reading all the channels at once. By default, the frequency filter are optimized to process channel data sequentially, which is incompatible with applying the CTF compensation on the fly. This setting can be overridden with the option '''Process the entire file at once''', which requires loading the entire file in memory at once, which may crash teh process depending on your computing resources (typically if your computer's RAM < 8GB). If this happens: run the process '''Artifacts > Apply SSP & CTF compensation''' on the file first, then rune the notch filter process without the option "Process the entire file at once" ([[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/TutMindNeuromag#Existing_SSP_and_pre-processing|more information]]). * A new folder named '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch''' is created. Obtain the PSD of these data to appreciate the effect of the notch filters. As above, please remember to indicate a '''Time window''' restricted from 0 to 330 s in the options of the PSD process.<<BR>><<BR>> |
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| === EMG pre-processing === | === EMG: Filter and rectify === |
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| * In the '''''Process1''''' box: drag and drop the '''Raw | notch(50Hz 100Hz 150Hz)''' node. * Add the process '''''Pre-process > Band-pass filter''''' |
* In the Process1 box: drag and drop the '''Raw | notch(50Hz 100Hz 150Hz)''' node. * Add the process '''Pre-process > Band-pass filter''' |
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| * Add the process '''''Pre-process > Absolute values''''' | * Add the process '''Pre-process > Absolute values''' |
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| Two new folders '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high''' and '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs''' are added to Brainstorm's database explorer. We can now safely delete folders that are not needed anymore: * Delete '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch''' and '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high '''by selecting both before pressing Delete (or right-click '''''File > Delete'''''). === MEG pre-processing === We need to remove more artifacts from the MEG traces via the: 1. '''Detection and removal of stereotypical artifacts with SSP''' 1. '''Detection of noisy (bad) data segments.''' ==== Detection and removal of artifacts with SSP (Signal Space Projection) ==== Stereotypical artifacts such eye blinks and heartbeats can be identified from their respective characteristic spatial distributions. Their contaminationn of MEG signals can then be attenuated specifically using Signal-Space Projections (SSPs). For more details, consult the dedicated tutorials about the [[Tutorials/ArtifactsDetect|detection]] and [[Tutorials/ArtifactsSsp|removal of artifacts with SSP]]. The present tutorial dataset features an EOG channel but no ECG. We will perform only the removal of eye blinks. * Display the MEG and EOG time series: Right-click on the pre-processed (for EMG) continuous file '''Raw | clean | notch(...''' (in the '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs''' folder) then '''''MEG > Display time series''''' and '''''EOG > Display time series'''''. * In the '''Events''' section of the '''''Record''''' tab, select '''''Artifacts > Detect eye blinks''''', and use the parameters: |
* Delete intermediate files that won't be needed anymore: Select folders '''SubjectCMC_notch''' and '''SubjectCMC_notch_high''',''' '''then press the Delete key (or right-click > File > Delete).<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:db_filters.gif}} === MEG: Blink SSP and bad segments === Stereotypical artifacts such eye blinks and heartbeats can be identified from their respective characteristic spatial distributions. Their contamination of MEG signals can then be attenuated specifically using Signal-Space Projections (SSPs). For more details, consult the specific tutorial sections about the [[Tutorials/ArtifactsDetect|detection]] and [[Tutorials/ArtifactsSsp|removal of artifacts with SSP]]. The present tutorial dataset features an EOG channel but no ECG. We will therefore only remove artifacts caused by eye blinks. ==== Blink correction with SSP ==== * Right-click on the pre-processed file > '''MEG > Display time series''' and '''EOG > Display time series'''. * In the Record tab: '''Artifacts > Detect eye blinks''', and use the parameters: |
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| . {{attachment:detect_blink_process.png||width="50%"}} * Three categories of blink events are created. Review the traces of EOG channels around a few of these events to ascertain they are related to eye blinks. In the present case, we note that the '''blink''' group contains genuine eye blinks, and that groups blink2 and blink3 capture saccade events. |
. {{attachment:detect_blink_process.png||width="60%"}} * Three categories of blink events are created. Review the traces of the EOG channels around a few of these events to ascertain they are related to eye blinks. In the present case, we note that the '''blink''' group contains genuine eye blinks, and that groups blink2 and blink3 capture saccades. |
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| * To [[Tutorials/ArtifactsSsp|remove blink artifacts with SSP]] go to '''''Artifacts > SSP: Eye blinks''''', and use the parameters: | * To [[Tutorials/ArtifactsSsp|remove blink artifacts with SSP]], go to '''Artifacts > SSP: Eye blinks''': |
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| * Check '''Compute using existing SSP/ICA projectors''' . {{attachment:ssp_blink_process.png||width="50%"}} * Display the time series and topographies of the first two (dominant) SSP components identified. In the present case, only the first SSP component can be clearly related to blinks. Select only component #1 for removal. |
. {{attachment:ssp_blink_process.png||width="60%"}} * Display the time series and topographies of the first two SSP components identified. In the present case, only the first SSP component can be clearly related to blinks: the percentage of variance explained is substantially higher than the other compoments', the spatial topography of the component is also typical of eye blinks, and the corresponding time series is similar to the EOG signal around blinks. Select only '''component #1''' for removal. |
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| * Follow the same procedure for the other blink events ('''blink2''' and '''blink3'''). As mentioned above, none of the first two SSP components seem to be related to ocular artifacts. The figure below shows the visualization of the first two components for the '''blink2''' group. . {{attachment:ssp_blink2.png||width="100%"}} . We therefore recommend to unselect the '''blink2''' and '''blink3''' groups from the '''Select Active Projectors''' panel (see below) rather than removing spatial components which nature remains ambiguous. . {{attachment:ssp_active_projections.png||width="60%"}} * Click on the large crosshair at the top right of the main Brainstorm window to close all visualization windows. ==== Detection of "bad" data segments: ==== Here we will use the [[Tutorials/BadSegments#Automatic_detection|automatic detection of artifacts]] to identify data segments contaminated by e.g., large eye and head movements and muscle contractions. * Display the MEG and EOG time series. In the '''''Record''''' tab, select '''''Artifacts > Detect other artifacts''''' and enter the following parameters: |
* Close all visualization figures by clicking on the large '''×''' at the top-right of the main Brainstorm window. ==== Detection of "bad" data segments ==== Here we will use the [[Tutorials/BadSegments#Automatic_detection|automatic detection of artifacts]] to identify data segments contaminated by e.g., large eye and head movements, or muscle contractions. * Display the MEG and EOG time series. In the '''Record''' tab, select '''Artifacts > Detect other artifacts''' and enter the following parameters: |
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| . {{attachment:detect_other.png||width="50%"}} We encourage users to review and validate the segments marked using this procedure. In the present case, the segments detected as bad clearly point at contaminated MEG data segments, which we will now label these as "bad". * Select the '''1-7Hz''' and '''40-240Hz''' event groups and select '''Events > Mark group as bad''' from the contextual menu. Alternatively, you can also rename the events created above and append the '''bad_''' prefix to their name: Brainstorm will automatically discard these data segments from further processing. |
. {{attachment:detect_other.png||width="60%"}} * You are encouraged to review all the segments marked using this procedure. With the present data, all marked segments do contain clear artifacts. * Select the '''1-7Hz''' and '''40-240Hz''' event groups and select '''Events > Mark group as bad'''. Alternatively, you can add the prefix '''bad_''' to the event names. Brainstorm will automatically discard these data segments from further processing. |
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| == Importing data epochs == At this point we are finished with the pre-processing of the EMG and MEG recordings. We will now extract and import specific data segments of interest into the Brainstorm database for further derivations. We refer to these segments as '''epochs''' or '''trials'''. As mentioned previously, we will focus on the '''Left''' (wrist) category of events. * Right-click on the filtered continuous file '''Raw | clean | notch(...''' (in the '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs''' condition), then '''''Import in database'''''. . {{attachment:import_menu.png||width="40%"}} * Enter the following parameter values: |
== Epoching == We are now finished with the pre-processing of EMG and MEG recordings. We will now extract and import specific data segments of interest into the Brainstorm database for further derivations. As mentioned previously, we will focus on the '''Left''' category of events (left-wrist movements). For consistency with the [[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|FieldTrip tutorial]], we will analyze 8s of recordings following each movement (from the original 10s around each trial), and split them in 1-s epochs. For each 1-s epoch, the DC offset will be also removed from each MEG channel. And finally, we will uniform the time vector for all 1-s epochs. This last steps is needed as the time vector of each 1-s vector is with respect to the event that was used to import the 8-s trial. * In the Process1 box: Drag-and-drop the pre-processed file. * Select the process '''Import > Import recordings > Import MEG/EEG: Events''': * '''Subject name''' = `Subject01` * '''Folder name''' = empty * '''Event names''' = `Left` |
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| * Check '''Use events''' and highlight the '''Left(x192)''' event group * '''Epoch time''' = `0 - 1000 ms` * Check '''Apply SSP/ICA projectors''' * Check '''Remove DC offset''' and select '''All recordings''' . {{attachment:import_options.png||width="80%"}} A new folder '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs''' is created for '''Subject01'''. It contains a copy of the '''channel file''' from the original raw file, and individual trials tagged as '''Left '''in a new trial group. Expand the trial group and note there are trials marked with a question mark in a red circle (ICON). These indicate trials that occurred in the '''bad''' segments identified in the previous section. All the bad trials are automatically ignored for further processing, whenever dropped into the '''''Process1''''' and '''''Process2''''' tabs. |
* '''Epoch time''' = `0 - 8000 ms` * '''Split recordings in time blocks''' = `1 s` * Uncheck '''Create a separate folder for each event type''' * Check '''Ignore shorter epochs''' * Check '''Use CTF compensation''' * Check '''Use SSP/ICA projectors''' * Add the process '''Pre-process > Remove DC offset''': * '''Baseline''' = `All file` * '''Sensor types''' = `MEG` * Check '''Overwrite input files''' * Add the process '''Standardize > Uniform epoch time''': * '''Interpolation method''' = `spline` * Check '''Overwrite input files''' * Run the pipeline || {{attachment:pro_import.png}} || || {{attachment:pro_remove_dc.png}} || * A new folder '''SubjectCMC_notch_high_abs''' without the 'raw' indication is now created, which includes '''192 individual epochs''' (24 trials x 8 1-s epochs each). The epochs that overlap with a "bad" event are also marked as bad, as shown with an exclamation mark in a red circle (<<Icon(iconModifBad.gif)>>). These bad epochs will be automatically ignored by the '''Process1''' and '''Process2''' tabs, and from all further processing. |
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| == Coherence estimation (sensor level) == We will now compute the '''magnitude square coherence (MSC)''' between the '''left EMG''' signal and each of the MEG sensor data. * In the '''''Process1''''' box, drag and drop the '''Left (192 files)''' trial group. Note that the number between square brackets is '''[185]''', as the 7 '''bad''' trials will be ignored by the MSC process. |
==== Comparison with FieldTrip ==== The figures below show the EMG and MRC21 channels (a MEG sensor over the left motor-cortex) from the epoch #1.1, in Brainstorm (left), and from the [[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|FieldTrip tutorial]] (right). {{attachment:bst_ft_trial1.png||width="100%"}} == Coherence: EMG x MEG == Let's compute the '''magnitude-squared coherence (MSC)''' between the '''left EMG''' and the '''MEG''' channels. * In the Process1 box, drag and drop the '''Left (192 files)''' trial group. |
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| * Run the process '''''Connectivity > Coherence 1xN [2021]''''' with the following parameters: * '''Time window''' = `0 - 1000 ms` or check '''All file''' |
* Select the process '''Connectivity > Coherence 1xN [2021]''': * '''Time window''' = '''All file'''<<BR>>The imported epochs are defined with distinct time stamps (e.g. Left#1.1: 0-1s, Left#1.2: 1-2s, Left#1.8: 7-8s), but the process tab only shows those from the first file. Select "All file" to ensure that the entire trial length is processed, regardless of its actual time stamp. |
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| * More details on the '''Coherence''' process can be found in the [[connectivity tutorial]]. . {{attachment:coh_meg_emgleft.png||width="40%"}} * Double-click on the resulting node '''mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft''' to display the MSC spectra. Click on the maximum peak in the 15 to 20 Hz range, and press `Enter` to plot it in a new figure. This spectrum corresponds to channel '''MRC21''', and shows a large peak at 17.58 Hz. You can also use the frequency slider (under the '''''Time''''' panel) to explore the MSC output more precisely across frequencies. * Right-click on the spectrum and select '''2D Sensor cap''' for a topographical representation of the magnitude of the coherence results across the sensor array. You may also use the shortcut `Ctrl-T`. The sensor locations can be displayed with a right-click and by selecting '''''Channels > Display sensors'' '''from the contextual menu (shortcut `Ctrl-E)`. |
* More details on the '''Coherence''' process can be found in the [[Tutorials/Connectivity#Coherence|Connectivity Tutorial]]. * Add the process '''File > Add tag''' with the following parameters: * '''Tag to add''' = `MEG sensors` * Select '''Add to file name''' * Run the pipeline: || {{attachment:coh_meg_emgleft.png}} || || {{attachment:coh_meg_emgleft2.png}} || * Double-click on the resulting data node '''mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft | MEG sensors''' to display the MSC spectra. Click on the maximum peak in the 15 to 20 Hz range, and press `Enter` to display the spectrum from the selected sensor in a new window. This spectrum is that of channel '''MRC21''', and shows a prominent peak at 17.58 Hz. Use the frequency slider (under the Time panel) to explore the MSC output across frequencies. * Right-click on the spectrum and select '''2D Sensor cap''' for a topographical representation of the magnitude of the coherence results across the sensor array. You may also use the shortcut `Ctrl-T`. The sensor locations can be displayed with a right-click and by selecting '''Channels > Display sensors''' from the contextual menu (shortcut `Ctrl-E)`. |
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| We can now average magnitude of the MSC across a frequency band of interest (15-20 Hz): * In the '''''Process1''''' box, drag-and-drop the '''mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft''' node, and add the process '''''Frequency > Group in time or frequency bands''''' with the parameters: * Select '''Group by frequency''' |
* We can now average the magnitude of the MSC across the beta band (15-20 Hz). <<BR>>In the Process1 box, select the new '''mscohere''' file. * Run process '''Frequency > Group in time or frequency bands''': * Select '''Group by frequency bands''' |
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| . {{attachment:pro_group_freq.png||width="40%"}} The resulting file '''mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft | tfbands''' has only one MSC value for each sensor (the MSC average in the 15-20 Hz band). You may visualize the topography of this MSC statistics via 3 possible representations: '''2D Sensor cap''', '''2D Sensor cap''' and '''2D Disk''', which are all accessible via a right-click over the MSC node. We clicked on sensor '''MRC21''' below; it is shown in red. . {{attachment:res_coh_meg_emgleft1520.png||width="100%"}} We can observe higher MSC values between the EMG signal and MEG sensor signals over the contralateral set of central sensors in the beta band. In the next sections we will perform source estimation and compute coherence across the entire brain volume. == MEG source imaging == We will perform source modelling using a [[Tutorials/HeadModel#Dipole_fitting_vs_distributed_models|distributed model]] approach for two possible source maps: the '''cortex surface''' and the entire '''MRI volume'''. For the cortical source model, the locations of the sources are constrained to the cortical surface obtained from the participants anatomical MRI, as imported above. For MRI volume approach, elementary sources are uniformly distributed across the entire brain volume. Before estimating the brain sources, we need to derive a '''head model''' and estimate the '''noise covariance '''of the recordings. Note that a distinct head model is required for each source space tested here (cortical vs. volume). === Head modelling === The head model accounts for how neural electrical currents produce magnetic fields captured by sensors outside the head, considering head tissues electromagnetic properties and geometry, independently of actual empirical measurements. Please refer to the [[Tutorials/HeadModel|head model tutorial]] for more in-depth explanations. |
. {{attachment:pro_group_freq.png||width="60%"}} * The resulting '''mscohere...|tfbands''' node contains one MSC value for each sensor (the MSC average in the 15-20 Hz band). Right-click on the file to display the 2D or 3D topography of the MSC beta-band measure. <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:res_coh_tfgroup.gif}} * Higher MSC values the EMG signal and MEG sensor signals map over the contralateral set of central sensors in the beta band. [[Tutorials/Connectivity#Sensor-level|Sensor-level connectivity]] can be ambiguous to interpret anaotmically though. We will now map the magnitude of EMG-coherence across the brain (MEG sources). == Source estimation == === MRI segmentation === We first need to extract the cortical surface from the T1 MRI volume we imported at the beginning of this tutorial. [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/SegCAT12|CAT12]] is a Brainstorm pluing that will perform this task in 30-60min. * Switch back to the Anatomy view of the protocol (<<Icon(iconSubjectDB.gif)>>). * Right-click on the MRI (<<Icon(iconMri.gif)>>) > '''MRI segmentation > CAT12''': * '''Number of vertices'''{{{: }}}`15000` * '''Anatomical parcellations''': `Yes` * '''Cortical maps''': {{{No}}} . {{attachment:cat12.png||width="100%"}} * Keep the low-resolution central surface selected as the default cortex ('''central_15002V'''). This surface is the primary output of CAT12, and is shown half-way between the pial envelope and the grey-white interface ([[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/SegCAT12|more information]]). The head surface was recomputed during the process and duplicates the previous surface obtained above: you can either delete one of the head surfaces or ignore this point for now. * For quality control, double-click on the head and central_15002V surfaces to visualize them in 3D.<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:cat12_files.gif}} === Head models === We will perform source modeling using a [[Tutorials/HeadModel#Dipole_fitting_vs_distributed_models|distributed model]] approach for two different source spaces: the '''cortex surface''' and the entire '''MRI volume'''. Forward models are called ''head models'' in Brainstorm. They account for how neural electrical currents produce magnetic fields captured by sensors outside the head, considering head tissues electromagnetic properties and geometry, independently of actual empirical measurements ([[http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/HeadModel|more information]]). A distinct head model is required for the cortex surface and head volume source spaces. |
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| * In the '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs '''node, right-click over '''CTF channels (191)''' and select '''Compute head model '''from the contextual menu. Run the process with the options as indicated below: | * Go back to the '''Functional data''' view of the database. * Right-click on the channel file of the imported epoch folder > '''Compute head model'''. |
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| * '''Forward model''' = `Overlapping spheres`. The cortical head model will be derived from each of the 15,000 sources (surface vertices) as defined when when the subject anatomy was imported. . {{attachment:pro_head_model_srf.png||width="40%"}} The (ICON) '''Overlapping spheres (surface)''' head model now appears in the database explorer. ==== MRI volume source model ==== * In the '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs '''node, right-click over the '''CTF channels (191)''' node and select '''''Compute head model'''''. Set the option values to: |
* '''Forward model''' = `MEG Overlapping spheres`. . {{attachment:pro_head_model_srf.gif}} ==== Whole-head volume ==== * Right-click on the channel file again > '''Compute head model'''. |
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. {{attachment:pro_head_model_vol.png||width="40%"}} * In the '''Volume source grid''' window, specify the following parameters that will produce about '''12,200''' elementary source grid points across the brain volume. |
|
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| . {{attachment:pro_grid_vol.png||width="50%"}} The '''Overlapping spheres (volume)''' node is now added to the database explorer. The green color indicates this is the default head model for the current folder (this can be changed by simply double clicking over the head model nodes.) . {{attachment:tre_head_models.png||width="50%"}} |
. {{attachment:pro_head_model_vol.gif}} * The '''Overlapping spheres (volume)''' head model is now added to the database explorer. The green color of the name indicates this is the default head model for the current folder: you can decide to use another head model available by double clicking on its name. . {{attachment:tre_head_models.gif}} |
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| Basic noise statistics can be extracted (as [[Tutorials/NoiseCovariance#The_case_of_MEG|recommended]]) from empty-room recordings. However, these latter are not available from the present tutorial data. However, we will assume that data segments prior to wrist extension can be used as proxies for MEG noise covariance. See the [[Tutorials/NoiseCovariance|noise covariance tutorial]] for more details. * In the raw '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs '''node, right-click over '''Raw | clean | notch(...'''and select '''''Noise covariance > Compute from recordings'''''. Please enter the following parameters: * '''Baseline:''' from `18 to 30 s` * Select the '''Block by block''' option. . {{attachment:pro_noise_cov.png||width="60%"}} * Lastly, copy the '''Noise covariance''' node to the '''SubjectCMC_clean_notch_high_abs''' folder along with the head model. This can be done using the shortcuts `Ctrl-C` and `Ctrl-V`. . {{attachment:tre_covmat.png||width="40%"}} === Source estimation === Now that the '''head model(s)''' and '''noise covariance''' are available, we will use the [[Tutorials/SourceEstimation#Method|minimum-norm imaging]] approach to solve the so-called '''inverse problem''' of source estimation. This will produce a large matrix called the '''imaging kernel''', that will be multiplied to the sensor data, to produce estimates of brain source time series. A different imaging kernel is derived for each of the head models we have produced above: '''surface''' and '''volume'''. See the [[Tutorials/SourceEstimation|source estimation tutorial]] for more details. |
The [[Tutorials/NoiseCovariance#The_case_of_MEG|recommendation for MEG]] source imaging is to extract basic noise statistics from empty-room recordings. When not available, as here, resting-state data can be used as proxies for MEG noise covariance. We will use a segment of the MEG recordings, away from the task and major artifacts: '''18s-29s'''. * Right-click on the clean continuous file > '''Noise covariance > Compute from recordings'''.<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:pro_noise_cov.gif}} * Right-click on the Noise covariance (<<Icon(iconNoiseCov.gif)>>) > '''Copy to other folders'''.<<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:tre_covmat.gif}} === Inverse models === We will now compute three inverse models, with different source spaces: cortex surface with '''constrained''' dipole orientations (normal to the cortex), cortex surface with '''unconstrained''' orientation, and MRI '''volume''' ([[Tutorials/SourceEstimation|more information]]). |
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| * To compute the corresponding imaging kernel, right-click over the '''Overlapping spheres (surface)''' head model and select '''Compute sources [2018]. '''Enter the following parameters: | * Right-click on '''Overlapping spheres (surface)''' > '''Compute sources''': |
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| * '''Unconstrained''' | * '''Constrained: Normal to the cortex''' |
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| . {{attachment:pro_sources_srf.png||width="40%"}} The inversion kernel (ICON) '''MN: MEG (surface)(Unconstr) 2018''' is now available in the database explorer. ==== MRI volume ==== * Compute the corresponding imaging kernel by right-clicking over the '''Overlapping spheres (volume)''' head model and select '''Compute sources [2018], '''with the following parameters: * '''Minimum norm imaging''' |
* Repeat the previous step, but this time select '''Unconstrained''' in the Dipole orientations field. || {{attachment:pro_sources_srfc.png}} || || {{attachment:pro_sources_srfu.png}} || ==== Whole-head volume ==== * Right-click on the '''Overlapping spheres (volume)''' > '''Compute sources:''' |
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| The imaging kernel (ICON) '''MN: MEG (volume)(Unconstr) 2018''' is now also available in the database explorer. Note that now each trial is associated with '''two''' source link (ICON) nodes. One corresponds to the '''MN: MEG (surface)(Unconstr) 2018''' kernel and the other to the '''MN: MEG (volume)(Unconstr) 2018''' kernel. . {{attachment:gui_inverse_kernel.png||width="60%"}} === Defining "scouts" (regions of interest) === To contain computational cost, we will now restrict the computation of coherence with the left EMG signal to selected MEG source activity. We will define regions of interest, whic are known as '''scouts '''in Brainstorm. They can be defined as [[Tutorials/Scouts|surface]]or [[Tutorials/TutVolSource#Volume_scouts|volume scouts]]. ==== Surface scouts ==== * Right click over '''MN: MEG (surface)(Unconstr) 2018''' for one of the trials and select '''''Cortical activations > Display on cortex'''''. In the '''''Surface''''' tab, set the '''''Amplitude''''' slider to `100%` to hide all the sources. . {{attachment:fig_sources_srf.png||width="100%"}} * In the '''''Scout''''' tab, select from the menu '''''Atlas > From subject anatomy > AAL3 (MNI-linear)'''''. This will create the '''From volume: AAL3''' set of surface scouts. After you click on any scout label shown in the list, Brainstorm will show at the bottom the number of sources (vertices) within the region and an estimate of its surface area in cm2. Activate the (ICON) '''Show only the selected scouts''' option to shown only the scout(s) you have selected from the list. . {{attachment:fig_scouts_srf.png||width="90%"}} |
* Three imaging kernels (<<Icon(iconResultKernel.gif)>>) are now available in the database explorer. Note that each trial is associated with three source links (<<Icon(iconResultLink.gif)>>). The concept of imaging kernels is explained in Brainstorm's main tutorial on source mapping. . {{attachment:tre_sources.gif}} == Coherence: EMG x Sources == We can now compute the coherence between the EMG signal and all brain source time series, for each of the source models considered. Let's start with the '''cortical surface/constrained''' model. * To select the source maps to include in the coherence estimation, click on the [[Tutorials/PipelineEditor#Search_Database|Search Database]] button (<<Icon(iconZoom.gif)>>), and select '''New search'''. Set the parameters as shown below, and click on '''Search'''. . {{attachment:gui_search_srf.png||width="70%"}} * This creates a new tab in the database explorer, showing only the files that match the search criteria. . {{attachment:tre_search_srf.gif}} * Click the '''Process2''' tab at the bottom of the main Brainstorm window. * '''Files A''': Drag-and-drop the '''Left (192 files)''' group, select '''Process recordings''' (<<Icon(iconEegList.gif)>>). * '''Files B''': Drag-and-drop the '''Left (192 files)''' group, select '''Process sources''' (<<Icon(iconResultList.gif)>>). * Objective: Extract from the same files both the EMG recordings (Files A) and the sources time series (Files B), then compute the coherence measure between these two categories of time series. Note that the blue labels over the file lists indicate that there are 185 "good" files (7 bad epochs). . {{attachment:process2.png||width="80%"}} * Select the process '''Connectivity > Coherence AxB [2021]''': * '''Time window''' = '''All file''' * '''Source channel (A)''' = `EMGlft` * Uncheck '''Use scouts (B)''' * Do not '''Remove evoked responses from each trial''' * '''Magnitude squared coherence''' * Window length''' = `0.5 s, `Overlap''' = `50%` * '''Highest frequency''' = `80 Hz` * '''Average cross-spectra'''. * Add the process '''File > Add tag''': * '''Tag to add''' = `(surface)(Constr)` * Select '''Add to file name''' * Run the pipeline || {{attachment:pro_coh_srf.png}} || || {{attachment:pro_coh_srf2.png}} || * Repeat the steps above to compute the EMG-sources coherence for the other source models: '''surface/unconstrained''' and '''volume''': * Edit the search criteria accordingly: Right-click on the search tab > '''Edit search'''. * This updates automatically the file selection in the Process2 tab. * Select the processes: Select '''All file''' again and update the '''file tag'''. * Close the search tab. If the 3 new connectivity files <<Icon(iconConnect1.gif)>>) are not featured in the database explorer: refresh the dabase display by pressing '''[F5]''' or by clicking again on the selected button "Functional data". <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:tre_coh_src_files.gif}} === Surface === Double-click on the 1xN connectivity files for the two '''(surface)''' source spaces (constrained and unconstrained source orientations) to visualize the cortical maps. See main tutorial [[Tutorials/SourceEstimation#Display:_Cortex_surface|Display: Cortex surface]] for all available options. Pick the cortical location and frequency with the highest coherence value. * In the '''Surface''' tab: Smooth=30%, Amplitude=0%. * To compare visually different cortex maps, set manually the [[Tutorials/Colormaps|colormap]] range (e.g.`[0 - 0.07])` * Explore with coherence spectra with the '''frequency slider''' * The highest coherence value is located at '''14.65 Hz''', in the '''right primary motor cortex''' (precentral gyrus). To observe the coherence spectrum at a given location: right-click on the cortex > '''Source: Power spectrum'''. <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:res_coh_surf.gif}} * The constrained (top) and unconstrained (bottom) orientations coherence maps are qualitatively similar in terms of peak location and frequency. The unconstrained source map appears smoother because of the maximum aggregation across all three current directions at each brain location, as explained below. These maps results are similar to those obtained with the [[https://www.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/coherence/|FieldTrip tutorial]]. * To obtain the 3D coordinates of the peak coherence location: right-click on the figure > '''Get coordinates'''. Then click on the right motor cortex with the crosshair cursor. Let's keep note of these coordinates for later comparision with the whole-head volume results below. <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:res_get_coordinates.gif}} === Volume === * Double-click the 1xN connectivity file to display the '''(volume)''' source space. * Set the frequency to 14.65 Hz, and the data transparency to 20% (Surface tab). * Find the peak in the head volume by navigating in all 3 dimensions, or use the coordinates from the surface results as explained above. * Right-click on the figure > Anatomical atlas > None. The coherence value under the cursor is then shown on the top-right corner of the figure. <<BR>><<BR>> {{attachment:res_coh_vol.gif}} === Method === For cortical and''' orientation-constrained''' sources, each vertex in the source grid is associated with '''1''' time series. As such, when coherence is computed with the EMG signal (also consisting of one time series), this result is '''1''' coherence spectrum per vertex. In other words, for each frequency bin, we obtain one coherence brain map. [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_constr.png|{{attachment:diagram_1xn_coh_constr.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_constr.png|width="100%"}}]] In the case of '''orientation-unconstrained''' or '''volume''' sources, each vertex in the grid is associated with '''3''' time series, each one corresponding to the X, Y and Z directions. Thus, when coherence is computed with the EMG signal (one time series), '''3''' coherence spectra are derived (one for each source orientation: x, y and z). For visualization purposes, these three values need to be '''flattened''' into one, yielding only one coherence spectrum per vertex, as in the orientation-constrained case above. At each vertex location, we will select the '''maximum '''coherence value across those in the three directions, for each frequency bin. [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_unconstr.png|{{attachment:diagram_1xn_coh_unconstr.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_unconstr.png|width="100%"}}]] |
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| [TODO] A note, that the definition of scouts is far from perfect, but can give us a good idea of the surface projections of the MNI parcellations (described in the importing anatomy section). | An alternative approach for addressing the issue of the 3-dimensional nature of coherence with unconstrained sources, consists in flattening (reducing the dimension) the vertex timeseries in the X, Y and Z directions before estimating coherence. This would result in a source model similar to that with orientation-constrained sources (one timeseries per vertex). Dimension reduction techniques such as '''PCA''' (keeping only the first PCA component, see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)|(Euclidean) norm]]) can be applied. In Brainstorm, use the process: Sources > '''Unconstrained to flat map'''. However, our empirical tests with this approach showed a reduction of sensitivity, therefore this is not the method we recommend. [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_flattened.png|{{attachment:diagram_1xn_coh_flattened.png||width="100%"}}]] * Note also that the timeseries of flattened sources are saved as a full array of values, not as a kernel; file storage volume on disk may be large. |
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| * Close the figure. ==== Volume scouts ==== * Right click over '''MN: MEG (volume)(Unconstr) 2018''' for one of the trials and select '''''Cortical activations > Display on MRI (3D): Subject CMC'''''. In the '''''Surface''''' tab, set the '''''Amplitude''''' slider to `100%` to hide all the source map. . {{attachment:fig_sources_vol.png||width="100%"}} * In the '''''Scout''''' tab, select the menu '''''Atlas > From subject anatomy > AAL3 (MNI-linear)'''''. This will create a set of '''Volume 12203: AAL3''' volumic scouts. As with the surface scouts above, clicking on a scout in the list will show the number of elementary sources withinand its volume in cm3. Activate the (ICON) '''Show only the selected scouts''' option to show only the selected scout(s). . {{attachment:fig_scouts_vol.png||width="90%"}} * Close the figure. == Estimating source-wise coherence == === Surface scouts === We will use the [[Tutorials/PipelineEditor#Search_Database|search features of the Brainstorm database]] to select the source maps we want to include in the EMG-cortex coherence estimation. We will first select files related to the '''MN: MEG (surface)(Unconstr) 2018''' imaging kernel. * Click on the magnifying glass (ICON) above the database explorer to open the database search panel, and select '''''New search'''''. * Set the search parameters as shown below: . {{attachment:gui_search_srf.png||width="70%"}} After pressing '''Search''', a new tab called '''''(surface)''''' appears in the database explorer. This new tab contains the data filtered through the search query above. . {{attachment:tre_search_srf.png||width="40%"}} * Click the '''Process2''' tab at the bottom of the main Brainstorm window and drag-and-drop the '''Left (192 files)''' trial group into the '''Files A box '''and repeat for the '''Files B''' '''box'''. Select '''Process recordings''' for Files A, and '''Process sources''' for Files B. The logic is that we will extract from the same files the EMG traces (Files A) and the source time series (Files B) and then compute coherence between these two sets. Note that blue labels over the '''Files A''' and the '''Files B''' boxes indicate that there are 185 "good trial" files per box. |
== Coherence: EMG x Scouts == We have now obtained coherence spectra at each of the 15002 brain source locations. This is a very large amount of data to shift through. We therefore recommend to further reduce the dimensionality of the source space by using a [[Tutorials/Scouts#Scout_toolbar_and_menus|surface-]] or [[Tutorials/DefaultAnatomy#MNI_parcellations|volume-]]parcellation scheme. In Brainstorm vernacular, this can be achieved via an '''atlas''' consisting of '''scout regions'''. See the [[Tutorials/Scouts|Scout Tutorial]] for detailed information about atlases and scouts in Brainstorm. * '''Scout function''': With this approach, a coherence spectrum is computed for each scout and the EMG signal, for each elementary source orientation. It is necessary to specify two parameters to indicate how the data is aggregated in each scout: The [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/Scouts#Scout_function|scout function]] (for instance, the mean), and the within-scout aggregation procedure ('''before''' or '''after''' the coherence computation). * '''Unconstrained maps / maximum''': The graphs below the scout has 3 orientations (x,y,z). Coherence is computed between each elementary sources in all three orientations (x, y,z) and the EMG signal, yielding 3 coherence spectra. From these 3 values at each frequency bin, only the maximum value is kept to summarize the connectivity estimate between the scout and the EMG signal. The connectvity outcome measure is therefore one coherence spectrum for each scout. The choice of the maximum statistic is empirical: it is not rotation invariant (if the specifications of the NAS/LPA/RPA fiducials change, the x,y,z axes also change, which may influence conenctivity measures quantitatively). Nevertheless, our empirical tests showed this option produced smooth and robust (to noise) connectivity estimates. * '''Before''': The scout function (e.g., mean) is applied for each direction on the elementary source time series in the scout; resulting in 1 time series per source orientation (x, y, z) per scout. These scout time series are then used to compute coherence with the reference signal (here, with EMG), and the coherence spectra for each scout are aggregated across the x, y and z dimensions, [[#Coherence_with_constrained_and_unconstrained_sources|as shown previously]], to obtain one coherence spectrum per scout. [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_sct_bef.png|{{attachment:diagram_1xn_coh_sct_bef.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_sct_bef.png|width="100%"}}]] * '''After''': With this option, coherence is computed between the reference signal (here, EMG) and each elementary sources (number of sources in each scout x 3 orientations). Then the coherence spectra for each elementary source are aggregated across the x, y and z dimensions. Finally the scout function is applied to the resulting coherence spectra for each elementary source within the scout. This is a considerably more greedy option that the "before" option above, as it computes coherence measures between the EMG signal and each of the 45000 elementary source signals. This requires more computing resources; see [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/Connectivity#Source-level|introduction]] for an example. [[https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_sct_aft.png|{{attachment:diagram_1xn_coh_sct_aft.png|https://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/Tutorials/CorticomuscularCoherence?action=AttachFile&do=get&target=diagram_1xn_coh_sct_aft.png|width="100%"}}]] Here, we will compute the coherence from scouts, using '''mean''' as scout function with the '''Before''' option. We will use the [[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/07/16/135632.full.pdf|Schaefer 100 parcellation]] atlas appplied to the orientation-constrained source map. * Use Search Database (<<Icon(iconZoom.gif)>>) to select the '''Left''' trials with their respective '''(surface)(Constr)''' source maps, as shown in the [[#Coherence_1xN_.28source_level.29|previous section]]. * In the Process2: '''Left '''trial group into both the '''Files A''' and '''Files B''' boxes. Select '''Process recordings''' (<<Icon(iconEegList.gif)>>) for Files A, and '''Process sources''' (<<Icon(iconResultList.gif)>>) for Files B. |
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| * Select `From volume: AAL3` in the drop-down list (these are surface scouts) * Select all the scouts (shortcut `Ctrl-A`) * '''Scout function''' = `Mean` * '''When to apply''' = `Before` |
* From the menu at the right, select '''Schaefer_100_17net''' * Select all the scouts * '''Scout function''': `Mean` * '''When to apply the scout function''': `Before` |
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| * '''Tag to add''' = `(surface)` | * '''Tag to add''' = `(surface)(Constr)` |
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| . {{attachment:pro_coh_srf.png||width="100%"}} * Double-click on the resulting node '''mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): Left (#1) | (surface)''' to display the coherence spectra. Open also the result node as an image with '''Display image''' from its contextual menu. * To visualize the location of the scouts on the cortex, double-click one of the (surface) source links for any of the trials. In the '''Surface''' tab, set the '''Amplitude''' threshold to `100%` to hide the cortical activations. Lastly, in the '''Scouts''' tab, select the `From volume: AAL3` atlas in the drop-down list, select '''Show only the selected scouts''' and the '''Show/hide the scout labels'''. Note that all visualization windows are linked depending on which scout is selected in the '''image''' representation of the coherence results. . {{attachment:res_coh_srf.png||width="100%"}} The large peak at 14.65 Hz in the coherence spectra corresponds to the '''Precentral R''' scout, which encompasses the right primary motor cortex, as expected. === Volume scouts === We will repeat the same approach Similar for volume scouts. Iniate a file selection query related to the '''MN: MEG (volume)(Unconstr) 2018''' imaging kernel. * Click on the magnifying glass (ICON) above the database explorer to open the search panel, with the following specifications: . {{attachment:gui_search_vol.png||width="70%"}} . {{attachment:tre_search_vol.png||width="40%"}} * In the '''Process2''' tab, drag and drop the '''Left (192 files)''' trial group into the '''Files A '''box and repeat for the '''Files B''' box. Select the '''Process recordings''' icon for Files A, and '''Process sources''' for Files B. . {{attachment:process2.png||width="80%"}} Open the '''Pipeline editor''': * Add the process '''Connectivity > Coherence AxB [2021]''' with the following parameters: * '''Time window''' = `0 - 1000 ms` or check '''All file''' * '''Source channel (A)''' = `EMGlft` * Check '''Use scouts (B)''' * Select `Volume 12203: AAL3` in the drop-down list (these are volume scouts) * Select all the scouts (shortcut `Ctrl-A`) * '''Scout function''' = `Mean` * '''When to apply''' = `Before` * Do not '''Remove evoked responses from each trial''' * '''Magnitude squared coherence''', '''Window length''' = `0.5 s` * '''Overlap''' = `50%` * '''Highest frequency''' = `80 Hz` * '''Average cross-spectra'''. * Add the process '''File > Add tag''' with the following parameters: * '''Tag to add''' = `(surface)` * Select '''Add to file name''' * Run the pipeline . {{attachment:pro_coh_vol.png||width="100%"}} * Double-click on the resulting node '''mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): Left (#1) | (volume)''' to display the coherence spectra. Open also the result node by selecting '''Display as image''' from its contextual menu. * Open one of the (volume) source links for any of the trials by selecting from the contextual menu '''''Display cortical activations > Display on MRI (3D): SubjectCMC '''''. In the '''Surface''' tab, set the '''Amplitude''' threshold to `100%` to hide all the cortical activations. Lastly, in the '''Scouts''' tab, select the `Volume 12203: AAL3` atlas in the drop-down list, select the '''Show only the selected scouts''' and the '''Show/hide the scout labels'''. . {{attachment:res_coh_vol.png||width="100%"}} Here too, the coherence peak at 14.65 Hz corresponds to the '''Precentral R''' scout, which encompasses the right primary motor cortex, as expected. <<TAG(Advanced)>> == Brain-wise coherence estimation (no scouts) == |
|| {{attachment:pro_coh_srfc_bef_sct.png}} || || {{attachment:pro_coh_srfc_bef_sct2.png}} || Double-click on the new file: the coherence spectra are not displayed on the cortex; they are plotted for each scout. The 1xN connectivity file can also be shown as an image as displayed below: || {{attachment:res_coh_srfc_bef_sct.png}} || || {{attachment:res_coh_srfc_bef_sct2.png}} || Note that at 14.65 Hz, the two highest peaks correspond to the '''SomMotA_4 R''' and '''SomMotA_2 R''' scouts, both located over the right primary motor cortex. |
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| * We could downsample the surface and create a more sparse volume grid . OR * Refactor the coherence process to accumulate the auto- and cross-spectra outside of the function . OR }}} === Comparison of cortical surface with FieldTrip and CAT === {{{#!wiki caution '''[TO DISCUSS among authors]''' This image and GIF are just for reference. They were obtained with all the surface sources using FieldTrip and CAT derived surfaces. Comparison for 14.65 Hz {{attachment:ft_vs_cat.png||width="100%"}} Sweeping from 0 to 80 Hz {{attachment:ft_vs_cat.gif||width="80%"}} |
The brain parcellation scheme is the user's decision. We recommend the Schaefer100 atlas used here by default. |
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| == Script == {{{#!wiki caution '''[TO DO]''' Once we agree on all the steps above. }}} |
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| * Sadaghiani S, Brookes MJ, Baillet S. <<BR>> [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118788|Connectomics of human electrophysiology]]. <<BR>> NeuroImage. 2022 Feb;247:118788. |
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| * Tutorial: [[Tutorials/Connectivity|Functional connectivity]] * Tutorial: [[Tutorials/SourceEstimation|Source estimation]] |
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| * Tutorial: [[Tutorials/Connectivity|Functional connectivity]] ==== Forum discussions ==== {{{#!wiki caution '''[TO DO]''' Find relevant Forum posts. }}} <<HTML(<!-- END-PAGE -->)>> |
* Tutorial: [[Tutorials/Scouts|Scouts]] * Tutorial: [[Tutorials/ConnectivityGraph|Connectivity graphs]] == Scripting == The following script from the Brainstorm distribution reproduces the analysis presented in this tutorial page: [[https://github.com/brainstorm-tools/brainstorm3/blob/master/toolbox/script/tutorial_coherence.m|brainstorm3/toolbox/script/tutorial_coherence.m]] <<HTML(<div style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#EEEEFF; width:720px; height:500px; overflow:scroll; padding:10px; font-family: Consolas,Menlo,Monaco,Lucida Console,Liberation Mono,DejaVu Sans Mono,Bitstream Vera Sans Mono,Courier New,monospace,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; white-space: pre;">)>><<EmbedContent("https://neuroimage.usc.edu/bst/viewcode.php?f=tutorial_coherence.m")>><<HTML(</div >)>> |
Corticomuscular coherence (CTF MEG)
Authors: Raymundo Cassani, Francois Tadel, Sylvain Baillet.
Corticomuscular coherence measures the degree of similarity between electrophysiological signals (MEG, EEG, ECoG sensor traces or source time series, especially over the contralateral motor cortex) and the EMG signals recorded from muscle activity during voluntary movements. Cortical-muscular signals similarities are conceived as due mainly to the descending communication along corticospinal pathways between primary motor cortex (M1) and the muscles attached to the moving limb(s). For consistency purposes, the present tutorial replicates, with Brainstorm tools, the processing pipeline "Analysis of corticomuscular coherence" of the FieldTrip toolbox.
Contents
Dataset description
The dataset is identical to that of the FieldTrip tutorial: Analysis of corticomuscular coherence:
- One participant,
- MEG recordings: 151-channel CTF MEG system,
- Bipolar EMG recordings: from left and right extensor carpi radialis longus muscles,
- EOG recordings: used for detection and attenuation of ocular artifacts,
- MRI: 1.5T Siemens system,
- Task: The participant lifted their hand and exerted a constant force against a lever for about 10 seconds. The force was monitored by strain gauges on the lever. The participant performed two blocks of 25 trials using either their left or right hand.
- Here we describe relevant Brainstorm tools via the analysis of the left-wrist trials. We encourage the reader to practice further by replicating the same pipeline using right-wrist trials!
Corticomuscular coherence:
Coherence measures the linear relationship between two signals in the frequency domain.
Previous studies (Conway et al., 1995, Kilner et al., 2000) have reported corticomuscular coherence effects in the 15–30 Hz range during maintained voluntary contractions.
- TODO: IMAGE OF EXPERIMENT, SIGNALS and COHERENCE
Download and installation
Pre-requisites
Please make sure you have completed the get-started tutorials, prior to going through the present tutorial.
- Have a working copy of Brainstorm installed on your computer.
Install the CAT12 Brainstorm plugin, to perform MRI segmentation from the Brainstorm dashboard.
Download the dataset
Download SubjectCMC.zip from the FieldTrip download page:
https://download.fieldtriptoolbox.org/tutorial/SubjectCMC.zip- Unzip the downloaded archive file in a folder outside the Brainstorm database or app folders (for instance, directly on your desktop).
Brainstorm
- Launch Brainstorm (via the Matlab command line or the Matlab-free stand-alone version of Brainstorm).
Select from the menu File > Create new protocol. Name the new protocol TutorialCMC and select the options:
No, use individual anatomy,
No, use one channel file per acquisition run.
Importing anatomy
Right-click on the newly created TutorialCMC node > New subject > Subject01.
Keep the default options defined for the study (aka "protocol" in Brainstorm's vernacular).Switch to the Anatomy view of the protocol (
). Right-click on the Subject01 > Import MRI:
Select the file format: All MRI files (subject space)
Select the file: SubjectCMC/SubjectCMC.mri
This step will launch Brainstorm's MRI viewer, where coronal, sagittal and axial cross-sections of the MRI volume are displayed. note that three anatomical fiducials (left and right pre-auricular points (LPA and RPA), and nasion (NAS)) are automatically identified. These fiducials are located near the left/right ears and just above the nose, respectively. Click on Save.
In all typical Brainstorm workflows from this tutorial handbook, we recommend processing the MRI volume at this stage, before importing the functional (MEG/EEG) data. However, we will proceed differently, for consistency with the original FieldTrip pipeline, and readily obtain sensor-level coherence results. We will proceed with MRI segmentation below, before performing source-level analyses.
- We still need to verify the proper geometric registration (alignment) of MRI with MEG. We will therefore now extract the scalp surface from the MRI volume.
Right-click on the MRI (
) > MRI segmentation > Generate head surface.
Double-click on the newly created surface to display the scalp in 3-D.
MEG and EMG recordings
Link the recordings
Switch now to the Functional data view of your database contents (
). Right-click on Subject01 > Review raw file:
Select the appropriate MEG file format: MEG/EEG: CTF(*.ds; *.meg4; *.res4)
Select the data file: SubjectCMC.ds
A new folder SubjectCMC is created in the Brainstorm database explorer. Note the "RAW" tag over the icon of the folder (
), indicating that the MEG files contain unprocessed, continuous data. This folder includes: CTF channels (191) is a file with all channel information, including channel types (MEG, EMG, etc.), names, 3-D locations, etc. The total number of channels available (MEG, EMG, EOG etc.) is indicated between parentheses.
Link to raw file is a link to the original data file. Brainstorm reads all the relevant metadata from the original dataset and saves them into this symbolic node of the data tree (e.g., sampling rate, number of time samples, event markers). As seen elsewhere in the tutorial handbook, Brainstorm does not create copies by default of (potentially large) unprocessed data files (more information).
MEG-MRI coregistration
This registration step is to align the MEG coordinate system with the participant's anatomy from MRI (more info). Here we will use only the three anatomical landmarks stored in the MRI volume and specific at the moment of MEG data collection. From the FieldTrip tutorial:
"To measure the head position with respect to the sensors, three coils were placed at anatomical landmarks of the head (nasion, left and right ear canal). [...] During the MRI scan, ear molds containing small containers filled with vitamin E marked the same landmarks. This allows us, together with the anatomical landmarks, to align source estimates of the MEG with the MRI."To visually appreciate the correctness of the registration, right-click on the CTF channels node > MRI registration > Check. This opens a 3-D figure showing the inner surface of the MEG helmet (in yellow), the head surface, the fiducial points and the axes of the subject coordinate system (SCS).
Reviewing
Right-click on the Link to raw file > Switch epoched/continuous to convert how the data i stored in the file to a continuous reviewing format, a technical detail proper to CTF file formatting.
Right-click on the Link to raw file > MEG > Display time series (or double-click on its icon). This will display data time series and enable the Time panel and the Record tab in the main Brainstorm window (see specific features in "explore data time series").
Right-click on the Link to raw file > EMG > Display time series.
Event markers
The colored dots at the top of the figure, above the data time series, indicate event markers (or triggers) saved along with MEG data. The actual onsets of the left- and right-wrist trials are not displayed yet: they are saved in an auxiliary channel of the raw data named Stim. To add these markers to the display, follow this procedure:
With the time series figure still open, go to the Record tab and select File > Read events from channel. Event channels = Stim, select Value, Reject events shorter than 12 samples. Click Run.
The rejection of short events is nececessary in this dataset, because transitions between values in the Stim channel may span over several time samples. Otherwise, and for example, an event U1 would be created at 121.76s because the transition from the event U1025 back to zero features two unwanted values at the end of the event. The rejection criteria is set to 12 time samples (10ms), because the duration of all the relevant triggers is longer than 15ms. This value is proper to each dataset, so make sure you verify trigger detections from your own dataset.
New event markers are created and now shown in the Events section of the tab, along with previous event categories. In this tutorial, we will only use events U1 through U25, which correspond to the beginning of each of the 25 left-wrist trials of 10 seconds. Following FieldTrip's tutorial, let's reject trial #7, event U7.
Delete all unused events: Select all the events except U1-U6 and U8-25 (Ctrl+click / Shift+click), then menu Events > Delete group (or press the Delete key).
Merge events: Select all the event groups, then select from the menu Events > Merge group > "Left". A new event category called "Left" now indicate the onsets of 24 trials of left-wrist movements.
Pre-processing
In this tutorial, we will analyze only the Left trials (left-wrist extensions). In the following sections, we will process only the first 330 s of the original recordings, where the left-wrist trials were performed.
Power line artifacts
In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the Link to raw file.
Run process Frequency > Power spectrum density (Welch):
Time window: 0-330 s
Window length: 10 s
Overlap: 50%
Sensor types: MEG, EMG
Double-click on the new PSD file to visualize the power spectrum density of the data.
- The PSD plot shows two groups of sensors: EMG (highlighted in red above) and the MEG spectra below (black lines). Peaks at 50Hz and harmonics (100, 150, 200Hz and above) indicate the European power line frequency and are clearly visible. We will now use notch filters to attenuate power line contaminants at 50, 100 and 150 Hz.
In the Process1 box: Drag and drop the Raw | clean node.
Run the process Pre-processing > Notch filter with:
Check Process the entire file at once
Sensor types: MEG, EMG
Frequencies to remove (Hz): 50, 100, 150
In case you get a memory error message:
These MEG recordings have been saved before applying the CTF 3rd-order gradient compensation, for noise reduction. The compensation weights are therefore applied on the fly when Brainstorm reads data from the file. However, this requires reading all the channels at once. By default, the frequency filter are optimized to process channel data sequentially, which is incompatible with applying the CTF compensation on the fly. This setting can be overridden with the option Process the entire file at once, which requires loading the entire file in memory at once, which may crash teh process depending on your computing resources (typically if your computer's RAM < 8GB). If this happens: run the process Artifacts > Apply SSP & CTF compensation on the file first, then rune the notch filter process without the option "Process the entire file at once" (more information).A new folder named SubjectCMC_clean_notch is created. Obtain the PSD of these data to appreciate the effect of the notch filters. As above, please remember to indicate a Time window restricted from 0 to 330 s in the options of the PSD process.
EMG: Filter and rectify
Two typical pre-processing steps for EMG consist in high-pass filtering and rectifying.
In the Process1 box: drag and drop the Raw | notch(50Hz 100Hz 150Hz) node.
Add the process Pre-process > Band-pass filter
Sensor types = EMG
Lower cutoff frequency = 10 Hz
Upper cutoff frequency = 0 Hz
Add the process Pre-process > Absolute values
Sensor types = EMG
- Run the pipeline
Delete intermediate files that won't be needed anymore: Select folders SubjectCMC_notch and SubjectCMC_notch_high, then press the Delete key (or right-click > File > Delete).
MEG: Blink SSP and bad segments
Stereotypical artifacts such eye blinks and heartbeats can be identified from their respective characteristic spatial distributions. Their contamination of MEG signals can then be attenuated specifically using Signal-Space Projections (SSPs). For more details, consult the specific tutorial sections about the detection and removal of artifacts with SSP. The present tutorial dataset features an EOG channel but no ECG. We will therefore only remove artifacts caused by eye blinks.
Blink correction with SSP
Right-click on the pre-processed file > MEG > Display time series and EOG > Display time series.
In the Record tab: Artifacts > Detect eye blinks, and use the parameters:
Channel name= EOG
Time window = 0 - 330 s
Event name = blink
Three categories of blink events are created. Review the traces of the EOG channels around a few of these events to ascertain they are related to eye blinks. In the present case, we note that the blink group contains genuine eye blinks, and that groups blink2 and blink3 capture saccades.
To remove blink artifacts with SSP, go to Artifacts > SSP: Eye blinks:
Event name=blink
Sensors=MEG
Display the time series and topographies of the first two SSP components identified. In the present case, only the first SSP component can be clearly related to blinks: the percentage of variance explained is substantially higher than the other compoments', the spatial topography of the component is also typical of eye blinks, and the corresponding time series is similar to the EOG signal around blinks. Select only component #1 for removal.
Close all visualization figures by clicking on the large × at the top-right of the main Brainstorm window.
Detection of "bad" data segments
Here we will use the automatic detection of artifacts to identify data segments contaminated by e.g., large eye and head movements, or muscle contractions.
Display the MEG and EOG time series. In the Record tab, select Artifacts > Detect other artifacts and enter the following parameters:
Time window = 0 - 330 s
Sensor types=MEG
Sensitivity=3
Check both frequency bands 1-7 Hz and 40-240 Hz
- You are encouraged to review all the segments marked using this procedure. With the present data, all marked segments do contain clear artifacts.
Select the 1-7Hz and 40-240Hz event groups and select Events > Mark group as bad. Alternatively, you can add the prefix bad_ to the event names. Brainstorm will automatically discard these data segments from further processing.
- Close all visualization windows and reply "Yes" to the save the modifications query.
Epoching
We are now finished with the pre-processing of EMG and MEG recordings. We will now extract and import specific data segments of interest into the Brainstorm database for further derivations. As mentioned previously, we will focus on the Left category of events (left-wrist movements). For consistency with the FieldTrip tutorial, we will analyze 8s of recordings following each movement (from the original 10s around each trial), and split them in 1-s epochs. For each 1-s epoch, the DC offset will be also removed from each MEG channel. And finally, we will uniform the time vector for all 1-s epochs. This last steps is needed as the time vector of each 1-s vector is with respect to the event that was used to import the 8-s trial.
- In the Process1 box: Drag-and-drop the pre-processed file.
Select the process Import > Import recordings > Import MEG/EEG: Events:
Subject name = Subject01
Folder name = empty
Event names = Left
Time window = 0 - 330 s
Epoch time = 0 - 8000 ms
Split recordings in time blocks = 1 s
Uncheck Create a separate folder for each event type
Check Ignore shorter epochs
Check Use CTF compensation
Check Use SSP/ICA projectors
Add the process Pre-process > Remove DC offset:
Baseline = All file
Sensor types = MEG
Check Overwrite input files
Add the process Standardize > Uniform epoch time:
Interpolation method = spline
Check Overwrite input files
- Run the pipeline
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A new folder SubjectCMC_notch_high_abs without the 'raw' indication is now created, which includes 192 individual epochs (24 trials x 8 1-s epochs each). The epochs that overlap with a "bad" event are also marked as bad, as shown with an exclamation mark in a red circle (
). These bad epochs will be automatically ignored by the Process1 and Process2 tabs, and from all further processing. 
Comparison with FieldTrip
The figures below show the EMG and MRC21 channels (a MEG sensor over the left motor-cortex) from the epoch #1.1, in Brainstorm (left), and from the FieldTrip tutorial (right).
Coherence: EMG x MEG
Let's compute the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) between the left EMG and the MEG channels.
In the Process1 box, drag and drop the Left (192 files) trial group.
Select the process Connectivity > Coherence 1xN [2021]:
Time window = All file
The imported epochs are defined with distinct time stamps (e.g. Left#1.1: 0-1s, Left#1.2: 1-2s, Left#1.8: 7-8s), but the process tab only shows those from the first file. Select "All file" to ensure that the entire trial length is processed, regardless of its actual time stamp.Source channel = EMGlft
Do not check Include bad channels nor Remove evoke response
Magnitude squared coherence
Window length for PSD estimation = 0.5 s
Overlap for PSD estimation = 50%
Highest frequency of interest = 80 Hz
Average cross-spectra of input files (one output file)
More details on the Coherence process can be found in the Connectivity Tutorial.
Add the process File > Add tag with the following parameters:
Tag to add = MEG sensors
Select Add to file name
- Run the pipeline:
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Double-click on the resulting data node mscohere(0.6Hz,555win): EMGlft | MEG sensors to display the MSC spectra. Click on the maximum peak in the 15 to 20 Hz range, and press Enter to display the spectrum from the selected sensor in a new window. This spectrum is that of channel MRC21, and shows a prominent peak at 17.58 Hz. Use the frequency slider (under the Time panel) to explore the MSC output across frequencies.
Right-click on the spectrum and select 2D Sensor cap for a topographical representation of the magnitude of the coherence results across the sensor array. You may also use the shortcut Ctrl-T. The sensor locations can be displayed with a right-click and by selecting Channels > Display sensors from the contextual menu (shortcut Ctrl-E).
We can now average the magnitude of the MSC across the beta band (15-20 Hz).
In the Process1 box, select the new mscohere file.Run process Frequency > Group in time or frequency bands:
Select Group by frequency bands
Type cmc_band / 15, 20 / mean in the text box.
The resulting mscohere...|tfbands node contains one MSC value for each sensor (the MSC average in the 15-20 Hz band). Right-click on the file to display the 2D or 3D topography of the MSC beta-band measure.
Higher MSC values the EMG signal and MEG sensor signals map over the contralateral set of central sensors in the beta band. Sensor-level connectivity can be ambiguous to interpret anaotmically though. We will now map the magnitude of EMG-coherence across the brain (MEG sources).
Source estimation
MRI segmentation
We first need to extract the cortical surface from the T1 MRI volume we imported at the beginning of this tutorial. CAT12 is a Brainstorm pluing that will perform this task in 30-60min.
Switch back to the Anatomy view of the protocol (
). Right-click on the MRI (
) > MRI segmentation > CAT12: Number of vertices: 15000
Anatomical parcellations: Yes
Cortical maps: No
Keep the low-resolution central surface selected as the default cortex (central_15002V). This surface is the primary output of CAT12, and is shown half-way between the pial envelope and the grey-white interface (more information). The head surface was recomputed during the process and duplicates the previous surface obtained above: you can either delete one of the head surfaces or ignore this point for now.
For quality control, double-click on the head and central_15002V surfaces to visualize them in 3D.
Head models
We will perform source modeling using a distributed model approach for two different source spaces: the cortex surface and the entire MRI volume. Forward models are called head models in Brainstorm. They account for how neural electrical currents produce magnetic fields captured by sensors outside the head, considering head tissues electromagnetic properties and geometry, independently of actual empirical measurements (more information). A distinct head model is required for the cortex surface and head volume source spaces.
Cortical surface
Go back to the Functional data view of the database.
Right-click on the channel file of the imported epoch folder > Compute head model.
Comment = Overlapping spheres (surface)
Source space = Cortex surface
Forward model = MEG Overlapping spheres.
Whole-head volume
Right-click on the channel file again > Compute head model.
Comment = Overlapping spheres (volume)
Source space = MRI volume
Forward model = Overlapping spheres.
Select Regular grid and Brain
Grid resolution = 5 mm
The Overlapping spheres (volume) head model is now added to the database explorer. The green color of the name indicates this is the default head model for the current folder: you can decide to use another head model available by double clicking on its name.
Noise covariance
The recommendation for MEG source imaging is to extract basic noise statistics from empty-room recordings. When not available, as here, resting-state data can be used as proxies for MEG noise covariance. We will use a segment of the MEG recordings, away from the task and major artifacts: 18s-29s.
Right-click on the clean continuous file > Noise covariance > Compute from recordings.
Right-click on the Noise covariance (
) > Copy to other folders.
Inverse models
We will now compute three inverse models, with different source spaces: cortex surface with constrained dipole orientations (normal to the cortex), cortex surface with unconstrained orientation, and MRI volume (more information).
Cortical surface
Right-click on Overlapping spheres (surface) > Compute sources:
Minimum norm imaging
Current density map
Constrained: Normal to the cortex
Comment = MN: MEG (surface)
Repeat the previous step, but this time select Unconstrained in the Dipole orientations field.
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Whole-head volume
Right-click on the Overlapping spheres (volume) > Compute sources:
Current density map
Unconstrained
Comment = MN: MEG (volume)
Three imaging kernels (
) are now available in the database explorer. Note that each trial is associated with three source links (
). The concept of imaging kernels is explained in Brainstorm's main tutorial on source mapping. 
Coherence: EMG x Sources
We can now compute the coherence between the EMG signal and all brain source time series, for each of the source models considered. Let's start with the cortical surface/constrained model.
To select the source maps to include in the coherence estimation, click on the Search Database button (
), and select New search. Set the parameters as shown below, and click on Search. 
- This creates a new tab in the database explorer, showing only the files that match the search criteria.
Click the Process2 tab at the bottom of the main Brainstorm window.
Files A: Drag-and-drop the Left (192 files) group, select Process recordings (
). Files B: Drag-and-drop the Left (192 files) group, select Process sources (
). - Objective: Extract from the same files both the EMG recordings (Files A) and the sources time series (Files B), then compute the coherence measure between these two categories of time series. Note that the blue labels over the file lists indicate that there are 185 "good" files (7 bad epochs).
Select the process Connectivity > Coherence AxB [2021]:
Time window = All file
Source channel (A) = EMGlft
Uncheck Use scouts (B)
Do not Remove evoked responses from each trial
Magnitude squared coherence
Window length = 0.5 s, Overlap = 50%
Highest frequency = 80 Hz
Average cross-spectra.
Add the process File > Add tag:
Tag to add = (surface)(Constr)
Select Add to file name
- Run the pipeline
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Repeat the steps above to compute the EMG-sources coherence for the other source models: surface/unconstrained and volume:
Edit the search criteria accordingly: Right-click on the search tab > Edit search.
- This updates automatically the file selection in the Process2 tab.
Select the processes: Select All file again and update the file tag.
Close the search tab. If the 3 new connectivity files
) are not featured in the database explorer: refresh the dabase display by pressing [F5] or by clicking again on the selected button "Functional data".
Surface
Double-click on the 1xN connectivity files for the two (surface) source spaces (constrained and unconstrained source orientations) to visualize the cortical maps. See main tutorial Display: Cortex surface for all available options. Pick the cortical location and frequency with the highest coherence value.
In the Surface tab: Smooth=30%, Amplitude=0%.
To compare visually different cortex maps, set manually the colormap range (e.g.[0 - 0.07])
Explore with coherence spectra with the frequency slider
The highest coherence value is located at 14.65 Hz, in the right primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus). To observe the coherence spectrum at a given location: right-click on the cortex > Source: Power spectrum.
The constrained (top) and unconstrained (bottom) orientations coherence maps are qualitatively similar in terms of peak location and frequency. The unconstrained source map appears smoother because of the maximum aggregation across all three current directions at each brain location, as explained below. These maps results are similar to those obtained with the FieldTrip tutorial.
To obtain the 3D coordinates of the peak coherence location: right-click on the figure > Get coordinates. Then click on the right motor cortex with the crosshair cursor. Let's keep note of these coordinates for later comparision with the whole-head volume results below.
Volume
Double-click the 1xN connectivity file to display the (volume) source space.
- Set the frequency to 14.65 Hz, and the data transparency to 20% (Surface tab).
- Find the peak in the head volume by navigating in all 3 dimensions, or use the coordinates from the surface results as explained above.
Right-click on the figure > Anatomical atlas > None. The coherence value under the cursor is then shown on the top-right corner of the figure.
Method
For cortical and orientation-constrained sources, each vertex in the source grid is associated with 1 time series. As such, when coherence is computed with the EMG signal (also consisting of one time series), this result is 1 coherence spectrum per vertex. In other words, for each frequency bin, we obtain one coherence brain map.
In the case of orientation-unconstrained or volume sources, each vertex in the grid is associated with 3 time series, each one corresponding to the X, Y and Z directions. Thus, when coherence is computed with the EMG signal (one time series), 3 coherence spectra are derived (one for each source orientation: x, y and z). For visualization purposes, these three values need to be flattened into one, yielding only one coherence spectrum per vertex, as in the orientation-constrained case above. At each vertex location, we will select the maximum coherence value across those in the three directions, for each frequency bin.
An alternative approach for addressing the issue of the 3-dimensional nature of coherence with unconstrained sources, consists in flattening (reducing the dimension) the vertex timeseries in the X, Y and Z directions before estimating coherence. This would result in a source model similar to that with orientation-constrained sources (one timeseries per vertex). Dimension reduction techniques such as PCA (keeping only the first PCA component, see (Euclidean) norm) can be applied. In Brainstorm, use the process: Sources > Unconstrained to flat map. However, our empirical tests with this approach showed a reduction of sensitivity, therefore this is not the method we recommend.
- Note also that the timeseries of flattened sources are saved as a full array of values, not as a kernel; file storage volume on disk may be large.
Coherence: EMG x Scouts
We have now obtained coherence spectra at each of the 15002 brain source locations. This is a very large amount of data to shift through. We therefore recommend to further reduce the dimensionality of the source space by using a surface- or volume-parcellation scheme. In Brainstorm vernacular, this can be achieved via an atlas consisting of scout regions. See the Scout Tutorial for detailed information about atlases and scouts in Brainstorm.
* Scout function: With this approach, a coherence spectrum is computed for each scout and the EMG signal, for each elementary source orientation. It is necessary to specify two parameters to indicate how the data is aggregated in each scout: The scout function (for instance, the mean), and the within-scout aggregation procedure (before or after the coherence computation).
* Unconstrained maps / maximum: The graphs below the scout has 3 orientations (x,y,z). Coherence is computed between each elementary sources in all three orientations (x, y,z) and the EMG signal, yielding 3 coherence spectra. From these 3 values at each frequency bin, only the maximum value is kept to summarize the connectivity estimate between the scout and the EMG signal. The connectvity outcome measure is therefore one coherence spectrum for each scout. The choice of the maximum statistic is empirical: it is not rotation invariant (if the specifications of the NAS/LPA/RPA fiducials change, the x,y,z axes also change, which may influence conenctivity measures quantitatively). Nevertheless, our empirical tests showed this option produced smooth and robust (to noise) connectivity estimates.
Before: The scout function (e.g., mean) is applied for each direction on the elementary source time series in the scout; resulting in 1 time series per source orientation (x, y, z) per scout. These scout time series are then used to compute coherence with the reference signal (here, with EMG), and the coherence spectra for each scout are aggregated across the x, y and z dimensions, as shown previously, to obtain one coherence spectrum per scout.
After: With this option, coherence is computed between the reference signal (here, EMG) and each elementary sources (number of sources in each scout x 3 orientations). Then the coherence spectra for each elementary source are aggregated across the x, y and z dimensions. Finally the scout function is applied to the resulting coherence spectra for each elementary source within the scout. This is a considerably more greedy option that the "before" option above, as it computes coherence measures between the EMG signal and each of the 45000 elementary source signals. This requires more computing resources; see introduction for an example.
Here, we will compute the coherence from scouts, using mean as scout function with the Before option. We will use the Schaefer 100 parcellation atlas appplied to the orientation-constrained source map.
Use Search Database (
) to select the Left trials with their respective (surface)(Constr) source maps, as shown in the previous section. In the Process2: Left trial group into both the Files A and Files B boxes. Select Process recordings (
) for Files A, and Process sources () for Files B. -
Open the Pipeline editor:
Add the process Connectivity > Coherence AxB [2021] with the following parameters:
Time window = 0 - 1000 ms or check All file
Source channel (A) = EMGlft
Check Use scouts (B)
From the menu at the right, select Schaefer_100_17net
- Select all the scouts
Scout function: Mean
When to apply the scout function: Before
Do not Remove evoked responses from each trial
Magnitude squared coherence, Window length = 0.5 s
Overlap = 50%
Highest frequency = 80 Hz
Average cross-spectra.
Add the process File > Add tag with the following parameters:
Tag to add = (surface)(Constr)
Select Add to file name
- Run the pipeline
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Double-click on the new file: the coherence spectra are not displayed on the cortex; they are plotted for each scout. The 1xN connectivity file can also be shown as an image as displayed below:
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Note that at 14.65 Hz, the two highest peaks correspond to the SomMotA_4 R and SomMotA_2 R scouts, both located over the right primary motor cortex.
The brain parcellation scheme is the user's decision. We recommend the Schaefer100 atlas used here by default.
Additional documentation
Articles
Conway BA, Halliday DM, Farmer SF, Shahani U, Maas P, Weir AI, et al.
Synchronization between motor cortex and spinal motoneuronal pool during the performance of a maintained motor task in man.
The Journal of Physiology. 1995 Dec 15;489(3):917–24.Kilner JM, Baker SN, Salenius S, Hari R, Lemon RN.
Human Cortical Muscle Coherence Is Directly Related to Specific Motor Parameters.
J Neurosci. 2000 Dec 1;20(23):8838–45.Liu J, Sheng Y, Liu H.
Corticomuscular Coherence and Its Applications: A Review.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2019 Mar 20;13:100.Sadaghiani S, Brookes MJ, Baillet S.
Connectomics of human electrophysiology.
NeuroImage. 2022 Feb;247:118788.
Tutorials
Tutorial: Functional connectivity
Tutorial: Source estimation
Tutorial: Volume source estimation
Tutorial: Scouts
Tutorial: Connectivity graphs
Scripting
The following script from the Brainstorm distribution reproduces the analysis presented in this tutorial page: brainstorm3/toolbox/script/tutorial_coherence.m